Tris(4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium II dichloride complex (Synonyms: Ru(ddp))

Tris(4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium II dichloride complex is a luminescent probe (absorption Λ_max: 455 nm, luminescence Λ_max: 613 nm) widely used for detection and quantitation of oxygen.¹ The dye is strongly reduced by molecular oxygen as a result of dynamic quenching; thus oxygen detection can be based on either measurement of intensity or decay time.² This oxygen probe has been used to optimize optical oxygen sensors, to measure oxygen flux through tissues and in skin tumors, and for oxygen imaging.^1,3,4,5,6

1.Kim, H.J., Jeong, Y.C., Rhee, J.I., et al.Synthesis of tris(4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium(II) complexes possessing a linker arm for use in sol-gel-based optical oxygen sensorBulletin of the Korean Chemical Society27(12)2084-2086(2006)
2.Lippitsch, M.E.Luminescence quenching behavior of an oxygen sensor based on a Ru(lI) complex dissolved in polystyreneAnalytical Chemistry67(1)88-93(1995)
3.Rumsey, W.L., Vanderkooi, J.M., and Wilson, D.F.Imaging of phosphorescence: A novel method for measuring oxygen distribution in perfused tissueScience241(4873)1649-1651(1988)
4.Liebsch, G., Klimant, I., Frank, B., et al.Luminescence lifetime imaging of oxygen, pH, and carbon dioxide distribution using optical sensorsAppl.Spectrosc.54(4)548-559(2000)
5.Bacon, J.R., and Demas, J.N.Determination of oxygen concentrations by luminescence quenching of a polymer-immobilized transition-metal complexAnalytical Chemistry59(23)2780-2785(1987)
6.Klimant, I., and Wolfbeis, O.S.Oxygen-sensitive luminescent materials based on silicone-soluble ruthenium diimine complexesAnalytical Chemistry67(18)3160-3166(1995)