1-Palmitoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PC-d3

1-Palmitoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PC-d3 is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of 1-palmitoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PC by GC- or LC-MS. 1-Palmitoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PC is the ubiquitous lipid species generated following phospholipase A2 (PLA2) hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine.1 It increases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreases superoxide dismutase (SOD) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) protein levels and phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) when used at a concentration of 125 μM.2 1-Palmitoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PC potentiates the secretion of IL-6, IL-1β, IL-12, and TNF-α in LPS-stimulated M1 macrophages, but has no effect on CD163, CD206, CD36, or IL-10 in LPS-stimulated M2 macrophages when used at concentrations of 0.3 and 1.0 μM.3 It increases TGF-β1 production and enhances Foxp3 protein levels in Treg cells in isolated human peripheral blood when used at a concentration of 10 μM.4 1-Palmitoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PC enhances neutrophil function, bacterial clearance, and survival in mouse models of sepsis when administered at a dose of 10 mg/kg.5

References
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2. Choi, S., Park, S., Liang, G.H., et al. Superoxide generated by lysophosphatidylcholine induces endothelial nitric oxide synthase downregulation in human endothelial cells. Cell Physiol. Biochem. 25(2-3), 233-240 (2010).
3. Qin, X., Qiu, C., and Zhao, L. Lysophosphatidylcholine perpetuates macrophage polarization toward classically activated phenotype in inflammation. Cell. Immunol. 289(1-2), 185-190 (2014).
4. Hasegawa, H., Lei, J., Matsumoto, T., et al. Lysophosphatidylcholine enhances the suppressive function of human naturally occurring regulatory T cells through TGF-β production. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 415(3), 526-531 (2011).
5. Yan, J.-J., Jung, J.-S., Lee, J.-E., et al. Therapeutic effects of lysophosphatidylcholine in experimental sepsis. Nat. Med. 10(2), 161-167 (2004).