Chemically, PTC 209 is a novel, synthetic and small molecule. Its molecular structure is diagrammatically shown in Figure 1.

HBC 620 is one of the chemical analogs of HBC. The full chemical name of HBC is (4-((2-hydroxyethyl) (methyl) amino) -benzylidene) -cyanophenylacetonitrile. The 620 in the chemical name of HBC 620 indicates that it exhibits a strong fluorescence at the wavelength of 620 nm when bounded to pepper. Its molecular structure is diagrammatically shown, along with the other HBC analogs of the series, in Figure 1. As evidenced from Figure 1, these analogs of HBC only slightly differ in their molecular structure. This series of the chemical analogs of HBC is generated by the manipulations either in the aromatic π-structure or in the capability of being electron donor and receptor using a methodology that is known as Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment (SELEX).

Ce6 which is the shortened form of Chlorin E6, also known as Phytochlorin.

The molecular structure of Chlorin E6 is diagrammatically presented in Figure 1. Its molecular structure contains three carboxylic groups. The complete synthesis process for Chlorin E6 is described in the scientific literature in detail.

Dox or DOX is the short form of Doxorubicin, which is also called as Adriamycin,

The molecular structure of Doxorubicin is diagrammatically depicted in Figure 1. In its molecular structure, there is a tetracyclic quinoid aglycone adriamycinone namely 14-hydroxydaunomycinone that is chemically linked to the amino- sugar namely daunosamine. Chemically, it is a derivative of Anthracycline that has antibiotic as well as anticancer properties. The amino group along with the quinone moiety present in the molecular structure of Doxorubicin are the main source of determining the anti-cancer properties of Doxorubicin.

PLX-3397 is the shortened form of Plexxikon 3397, which is also called as Pexidartinib hydrochloride, TURALIO or simply Pexidartinib. Chemically, PLX-3397 is a small molecule. The molecular structure of the PLX-3397 is diagrammatically depicted in Figure 1.

There are various names for the [Leu 15] -Gastrin 1 (Human); these names include human heptadecapeptide, [Leucine15]-Little gastrin I, [Leu15]-HG-17 and also LHG-17.

Nivolumab that is also called as MDX 1106, BMS 936558, ONO 4538 and OPDIVO; it is a compound that is produced in the laboratory by exploiting the genetic engineering technology. Chemically, it is globin protein that either enhances the performance or supports immune system; thus, it is regarded as an antibody or otherwise immunoglobulin. Nivolumab follows the generalized structure of an immunoglobulin; that is shown in Figure 1. More specifically, it belongs to the Immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) subclass of the class Immunoglobulin G (IgG). It can specifically bind to its ligand that is programmed death-1 (PD-1) receptor protein with a high affinity and forms a molecular complex; because its nature of being monoclonal. The crystal structure of this molecular complex is diagrammatically presented in Figure 2. while the surface representation of this molecular complex is diagrammatically presented in Figure 3.

Calcein AM is the short form of the calcein-acetoxymethyl ester, which is basically a non-fluorescent and cell permeant, i.e., that essentially means that it does not exhibit fluorescence and also the cell membrane allows its free movement across itself owing to its lipophilic nature. Chemically, it is a acetoxymethyl ester of calcein. It passively enters the cell, without any energy expenditure through a gap junction, where it gets biochemically converted, i.e., via the biochemical hydrolysis that is catalyzed by the activity of the esterase enzymes that reside in the cytoplasm, into Calcein, which is acidic in nature as it holds a negative charge being an anion. Moreover, the latter is cell-impermeant, i.e., which essentially means that it does not have the ability to come out of the cell and thus get trapped inside the cell. Furthermore, the important point is that the latter one is fluorophore. The key difference between how Calcein AM and Calcein interact with the cell is shown in Figure 1.

SB 431542 is a small molecule that forms a complex with TβRI Kinase domain. The structure of theTβRI Kinase domain-SB 431542 complex is diagrammatically shown in Figure 1 while the close interactions within this complex are diagrammatically illustrated in Figure 2.

Bleomycin Sulphate, which is also known as bleomycin A1, bleomycin B2 or simply bleomycin. It belongs to a bleomycin, a class of glycopeptides having antitumor and antibiotic properties. Its molecular structure is diagrammatically depicted in Figure 1, while the four subunits or domains are highlighted in Figure 2. The complete process of its synthesis is well known and fully documented in the scientific literature in detail. Each of these domains has a unique function which has a biological role.