OSMI 4 is a small, synthetic and novel molecule. It has been discovered in a high-throughput screening (HTS) based on fluorescence luminescence. OSMI 4 is also known as OSMI-4b. The two-dimensional view of the Molecular structure of the OSMI 4 compound is diagrammatically depicted in Figure 1.

Enzalutamide that is also known as MDV3100, is a small molecule. The complete two-dimensional view of the molecular structure of the Enzalutamide compound is diagrammatically presented in Figure 1. The trifluoromethyl substituted anilide is the most important structure feature of the overall Enzalutamide molecule as it is crucial to its biological activity.

Another name for trastuzumab is Herceptin. Trastuzumab is an antibody, i.e., a protein molecule that essentially means being composed of amino acids and has a major key role in providing the body with immunity, which is artificially produced in the laboratory by the monoclone cell/ monoclones; thus, it is also regarded as an immunoglobulin or it can also be more appropriately termed as monoclonal antibody which is shortened as mAb. Trastuzumab is a humanized antibody, i.e., the protein sequence was originally taken from some non-human biological species, then its sequence is modified such that it becomes extremely similar to the antibodies that are naturally produced in the human body in terms of structure.

Cenicriviroc, shortened as CVC is a novel and small compound of potential clinical significance. Other names of Cenicriviroc compound used in the scientific literature include TAK-652, TBR-652. As it was first discovered from the chemical manipulation of TAK-779 compound; it is quite obvious that it is a chemical derivative of the same compound, specifically it is a sulfoxide derivative of TAK-779 compound. Ease of synthesis was the primary stimulus for the further research on this compound.

CL264 is a small molecule. Owing to structural similarities, CL264 is a chemical derivative of 8-hydroxyadenine.

Talking about the structure of CL264 molecule, it is considered as a chemical analogue, i.e., compounds having a very similar structure despite some minor changes in the structure, of Adenine which a famous nitrogenous base. The two-dimensional view of the molecular structure of the CL264 compound is given in Figure 1.

BLY 719, also known as NVP-BYL719, Piqray or Alpelisib. Talking about the structure, BLY 719 is the chemical derivative of 2-aminothiazole. It was discovered as the most potent and the most selective ligand to effectively target phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase α (PI3Kα), an important target in the cancer chemotherapy. BLY 719 is a small molecule. The two-dimensional view of the molecular structure of the BLY 719 is pictorially represented in Figure 1.

GIP is the short form of either Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide or Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide. The primary structure of Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide is composed of a linear sequence of 42 residual amino acids; that is determined by the Edman Degradation Method and well documented in the scientific literature. The 3-letter notation of the primary structure of Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide is given in Figure 1.

5-Phenyl-1H-indole-3-acetic acid is the full chemical name of the 5-Ph-IAA. Chemically, 5-Ph-IAA is a derivative of auxin/ indole acetic acid which is a plant hormone. 5-Ph-IAA is a synthetic, novel, small molecule, i.e., ligand, highly specific in its action. The two-dimensional view of the molecular structure of 5-Ph-IAA is presented in Figure 1.

AR-13324 is also known as Netarsudil dimesilate or Netarsudil mesylate. Chemically, AR-13324 is a an amino isoquinoline amide that is a member of Mesylates, which were first identified as the most effective ROCK inhibitors with high tolerance and having a long-lasting decrease in the intraocular pressure (IOP). Thus, it was selected for clinical development and more research studies were conducted using AR-13324. The two dimensional view of the molecular structure of AR-13324 is given in Figure 1. In 2017, FDA finally approved AR-13324 as an ophthalmic solution of 0.02% concentration for the clinical treatment of glaucoma in humans. It is an optimized formulation of AR-13324 with high levels of safety and efficacy associated for therapeutic use by human.

Biochemically, Thymosin Beta 4 is a small peptide, i.e., it is composed of the chemically bonded amino acids via the peptide linkages and having amino group at one terminal while having carboxyl group on the other terminal. It is composed of 43 amino acids. The sequence of amino acids aa in the primary structure of Thymosin Beta 4 is schematically presented in Figure 1. Based on the knowledge of its primary structure, its secondary structure is also predicted via the method of Chou and Fasma. The details of this technique include: first, the residual amino acids are characterized as H, h, I, i, b, and B on the basis of their tendency to either form the alpha helix or beta pleated sheets, and represented in Figure 2 as the alpha parameters and beta parameters.