SB 431542 is a small molecule that forms a complex with TβRI Kinase domain. The structure of theTβRI Kinase domain-SB 431542 complex is diagrammatically shown in Figure 1 while the close interactions within this complex are diagrammatically illustrated in Figure 2.

Bleomycin Sulphate, which is also known as bleomycin A1, bleomycin B2 or simply bleomycin. It belongs to a bleomycin, a class of glycopeptides having antitumor and antibiotic properties. Its molecular structure is diagrammatically depicted in Figure 1, while the four subunits or domains are highlighted in Figure 2. The complete process of its synthesis is well known and fully documented in the scientific literature in detail. Each of these domains has a unique function which has a biological role.

Bafilomycin A1 (Baf A1) is a macrolide with the antibiotic properties. It specifically and effectively inhibits the V-type ATPase. The absolute stereochemistry is also determined via a x-rays crystallographic study and its molecular structure is diagrammatically depicted in Figure 1. The complete process for its synthesis is well documented in detail in scientific literature.

Chemically, Mephenytoin is 3-methyl-5, 5-phenyl-ethyl-hydantoin that is also known as Mesantoin. Mephenytoin is a molecule, that can be clinically used as a pharmaceutically active drug therapeutic drug. For any pharmaceutically active drug, its structural features are the single primary factor that not only determines the site of biochemical transformation during metabolism but also the rate of that biochemical transformation. The molecular structure of Mephenytoin is shown in Figure 1, while the existence of a chiral carbon at carbon number 5 and its chemical implications in terms of existence of Mephenytoin as a racemic mixture, are diagrammatically demonstrated in Figure 2.

Human pluripotent stem cells (HPSCs) have the ability to self-renew, but are highly sensitive to environmental disturbances in vitro, posing a challenge for their therapeutic applications. Further breakthroughs are urgently needed to ensure the safe and stable long-term growth and functional differentiation of these cells. Here, a high-throughput screening strategy is used to identify a small molecule mixture that can enhance the survival ability of hPSCs and their differentiated offspring. The combination of Chroman 1, Emricasan, Polyamines, and trans-ISRIB (CEPT) improves the cell survival rate of genetically stable hPSCs by simultaneously blocking several stress mechanisms that originally damage cell structure and function. CEPT provides powerful improvements for several key applications in stem cell research, including conventional cell passage, cryopreservation of pluripotent stem cells and differentiated cells, embryoid body (EB) and organoid formation, single cell cloning, and genome editing. Therefore, CEPT represents a unique multi pharmacological strategy for comprehensive cell protection, providing a theoretical basis for the efficient and safe utilization of hPSCs.

Denosumab is novel pharmaceutical drug. Chemically, it is a monoclonal antibody (mAb), that has the full-length sequence same as of the human antibodies; thus, it is sometimes regarded as fully human. It was initially developed using XenoMouse transgenic mouse technology, which is a powerful tool used for the synthesis of human antibodies in bulk quantity . It selectively and actively binds to the Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANKL) with a strong interaction. It has a good safety profile as a therapeutical drug against osteoporosis. Other reason that makes Denosumab not only the suitable but also the best treatment option is that it has a longer half live. That essentially means that less frequency of the Denosumab dosage would be required. Less dosage frequency is an important factor when it comes to use any pharmaceutical drug for the therapeutic purposes in the clinical setting.

LX1032, LX1606, LX1606 Hippurate and are the various names used in scientific literature for the Telotristat Etiprate (TE). It is a small and new molecule. Its molecular structure is diagrammatically depicted in Figure 1.

CP-456773, cytokine release inhibitory drug-3 CRID3, MCC950 sodium and MCC950, all are the short forms for N-(1,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-S-indacen-4-ylcarbamoyl)-4-(2-hydroxy-2-propanyl)-2-furansulfonamide. Chemically, it is a derivative of diaryl sulfonylurea derivative. It is a small molecule. Its molecular structure is diagrammatically depicted in Figure 1. The roadmap for its synthesis is documented in the scientific literature in detail.

BMPO, BocMPO or 5-BMPO cpd is the short form available for 5-tert-butoxycarbonyl 5-methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide. It is novel spin trap, which is butoxylated. It molecular structure is diagrammatically depicted in Figure 1. The detailed protocol for its synthesis has already been documented in the scientific literature

H2DCFDA or DCFH-DA is the short form, which is used for 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate. Its molecular structure is diagrammatically depicted in Figure 1. It is neutral as it does not carry a net electric charge, thus it is non polar also.