Propionyl-L-carnitine-d3 (chloride) (Synonyms: C3:0 Carnitine-d3, CAR 3:0-d3, L-Carnitine propionyl ester-d3, Levocarnitine propionate-d3, L-Propionylcarnitine-d3)

Propionyl-L-carnitine-d₃ is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of propionyl-L-carnitine by GC- or LC-MS. Propionyl-L-carnitine is a naturally occurring carnitine derivative formed by carnitine acetyltransferase during β-oxidation of uneven chain fatty acids.¹ Propionyl-L-carnitine increases the basal release of prostaglandin E₂ and 6-keto Prostaglandin F_1α in carrageenan-stimulated isolated rat peritoneal cells contaminated with neutrophils and increases the basal release of thromboxane B₂ in non-contaminated cells.¹ It reduces the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreases the expression of NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2), NOX4, and ICAM-1 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). It also increases the rate of revascularization and the hind limb vascular area in a rabbit model of hind limb ischemia when administered at a dose of 10 mg per animal.² Propionyl-L-carnitine reduces mitochondrial dysfunction induced by ischemia, preventing mitochondrial calcium overload, and depletion of ATP tissue stores in a rabbit model of ischemia.³

1.Garrelds, I.M., Elliott, G.R., Pruimboom, W.M., et al.Effects of carnitine and its congeners on eicosanoid discharge from rat cells: Implications for release of TNFαMediators of Inflammation2(7)S57-S62(1993) 2.Stasi, M.A., Scioli, M.G., Arcuri, G., et al.Propionyl-L-carnitine improves postischemic blood flow recovery and arteriogenetic revascularization and reduces endothelial NADPH-oxidase 4-mediated superoxide productionArterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol.30(3)426-435(2010) 3.Ferrari, R., Ceconi, C., Cargnoni, A., et al.The effect of propionyl-L-carnitine on the ischemic and reperfused intact myocardium and on their derived mitochondriaCardiovasc. Drugs Ther.5 (Suppl 1)57-65(1991)