Trichostatin A (TSA) (Synonyms: TSA)

Trichostatin A (TSA) is A potent histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor and an antifungal antibiotic with an IC50 value of 1.8 nM for HDAC^[1], which has the properties of inhibiting cell growth and inducing cell differentiation.

Trichostatin A (TSA) can arrest cells in G1 and G2 phases, induce cell differentiation, and restore transformed morphology of cultured cells. Trichostatin A (TSA) inhibits proliferation of breast cancer cells in human breast cancer cell linesand resulted in hyperacetylation of histone H4^[1]. Trichostatin A (TSA) promotes apoptosis and radiation-induced DNA damage in mitotic G2 gap 2 (G2/M) -arrested cells. Trichostatin A (TSA) may directly participate in DNA damage in esophageal cancer cells by reducing the acetylation of growth-associated genomic protein H3^[2].Pre-treatment of RLE-6TN cells with Trichostatin A (TSA) inhibited radiation-induced EMT-like morphological alterations including elevated protein level of α-SMA and Snail, reduction of E-cadherin expression, enhanced phosphorylation of GSK3β and ERK1/2, increased generation of ROS^[3].The invasive and migratory abilities of MCF-7 cells were suppressed significantly upon treatment with Trichostatin A (TSA). Treatment with Trichostatin A (TSA) led to an increased expression level of E-cadherin, and decreased expression of vimentin and, in MCF-7 cells^[4]. Trichostatin A (TSA) enhanced the radiosensitivity of colon cancer cells, apoptotic cell death induced by radiation was enhanced by Trichostatin A (TSA) treatment. Trichostatin A (TSA) also induced autophagic response in colon cancer cells, while autophagy inhibition led to cell apoptosis and enhanced the radiosensitivity of colon cancer cells^[5].

Trichostatin A (TSA) had pronounced antitumor activity in vivo when administered to 16 animals at a dose of 500 microg/kg by injection daily for 4 weeks compared with 14 control animals. Furthermore, Trichostatin A (TSA) did not cause any measurable toxicity in doses of up to 5 mg/kg by injection. Trichostatin A (TSA) has significant antitumor activity in vivo The antitumor activity of Trichostatin A (TSA) is attributed to differentiation induction^[1].In porcine SCNT embryos,Chaetocin, Trichostatin A (TSA), and the combination significantly increased the cleavage and blastocyst formation rate, hatching/hatched blastocyst rate, and cell numbers and survival rate. The combined treatment improved the rate of development to blastocysts more so than chaetocin or Trichostatin A (TSA) alone^[6].This decreased emotionality observed in stress-maladaptive mice was significantly recovered by chronic treatment with Trichostatin A (TSA) 2 h before daily exposure to restraint stress, which confirmed the development of stress adaptation. HDAC inhibitor Trichostatin A (TSA) may have a beneficial effect on stress adaptation by affecting 5-HT neural function in the brain and alleviate the emotional abnormality under conditions of excessive stress^[7].

References:
[1]: Vigushin DM, Ali S, et,al. Trichostatin A is a histone deacetylase inhibitor with potent antitumor activity against breast cancer in vivo. Clin Cancer Res. 2001 Apr;7(4):971-6. PMID: 11309348.
[2]: Wang S, Song M, et,al. Trichostatin A enhances radiosensitivity and radiation-induced DNA damage of esophageal cancer cells. J Gastrointest Oncol. 2021 Oct;12(5):1985-1995. doi: 10.21037/jgo-21-560. PMID: 34790366; PMCID: PMC8576220.
[3]: Nagarajan D, Wang L, et,al. Trichostatin A inhibits radiation-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in the alveolar epithelial cells. Oncotarget. 2017 Oct 9;8(60):101745-101759. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.21664. PMID: 29254201; PMCID: PMC5731911.
[4]: Wang X, Chen S, et,al. Trichostatin A reverses epithelial-mesenchymal transition and attenuates invasion and migration in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Exp Ther Med. 2020 Mar;19(3):1687-1694. doi: 10.3892/etm.2020.8422. Epub 2020 Jan 3. PMID: 32104221; PMCID: PMC7027139.
[5]: He G, Wang Y, et,al. Inhibition of autophagy induced by TSA sensitizes colon cancer cell to radiation. Tumour Biol. 2014 Feb;35(2):1003-11. doi: 10.1007/s13277-013-1134-z. PMID: 24122231.
[6]: Jeong PS, Yang HJ, et,al. Combined Chaetocin/Trichostatin A Treatment Improves the Epigenetic Modification and Developmental Competence of Porcine Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Embryos. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021 Oct 6;9:709574. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.709574. PMID: 34692674; PMCID: PMC8526721.
[7]: Kimijima H, Miyagawa K, et,al. Trichostatin A, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, alleviates the emotional abnormality induced by maladaptation to stress in mice. Neurosci Lett. 2022 Jan 1;766:136340. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136340. Epub 2021 Nov 10. PMID: 34774702.