Trigonelline-d3 (chloride) (Synonyms: N-methyl Nicotinic Acid Betaine-d3)

Trigonelline-d₃ is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of trigonelline by GC- or LC-MS. Trigonelline is an alkaloid that has been found in L. japonicus and an active metabolite of niacin that has diverse biological activities.^1,2,3,4 It increases levels of the brown fat marker proteins PRDM16, PGC-1α, and UCP1 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes when used at a concentration of 75 µM.¹ Trigonelline inhibits degranulation of, and decreases the production of IL-6 and TNF-α in, activated primary mouse bone marrow mast cells (BMMCs).² In vivo, trigonelline (200 mg/kg) reduces serum IgE levels, pulmonary immune cell infiltration, and mucus secretion in a mouse model of ovalbumin-induced allergic asthma. It reduces serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, and malondialdehyde (MDA) and renal cell apoptosis, as well as increases protein levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) in a rat model of high-fat diet- and streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic nephropathy when administered at a dose of 40 mg/kg.³ Trigonelline (50 mg/kg) reduces hepatic de novo lipogenesis, induces hepatic autophagy, and prevents weight gain, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis in a mouse model of high-cholesterol and high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).⁴

1.Choi, M., Mukherjee, S., and Yun, J.W.Trigonelline induces browning in 3T3-L1 white adipocytesPhytother Res.35(2)1113-1124(2021) 2.Zhang, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, S., et al.Trigonelline, an alkaloid from Leonurus japonicus Houtt., suppresses mast cell activation and OVA-induced allergic asthmaFront. Pharmacol.12687970(2021) 3.Li, Y., Li, Q., Wang, C., et al.Trigonelline reduced diabetic nephropathy and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic rats through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γExp. Ther. Med.18(2)1331-1337(2019) 4.Sharma, L., Lone, N.A., Knott, R.M., et al.Trigonelline prevents high cholesterol and high fat diet induced hepatic lipid accumulation and lipo-toxicity in C57BL/6J mice, via restoration of hepatic autophagyFood Chem. Toxicol.121283-296(2018)