Immunology/Inflammation
The immune and inflammation-related pathway including the Toll-like receptors pathway, the B cell receptor signaling pathway, the T cell receptor signaling pathway, etc.
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a central role in host cell recognition and responses to microbial pathogens. TLR4 initially recruits TIRAP and MyD88. MyD88 then recruits IRAKs, TRAF6, and the TAK1 complex, leading to early-stage activation of NF-κB and MAP kinases [1]. TLR4 is endocytosed and delivered to intracellular vesicles and forms a complex with TRAM and TRIF, which then recruits TRAF3 and the protein kinases TBK1 and IKKi. TBK1 and IKKi catalyze the phosphorylation of IRF3, leading to the expression of type I IFN [2].
BCR signaling is initiated through ligation of mIg under conditions that induce phosphorylation of the ITAMs in CD79, leading to the activation of Syk. Once Syk is activated, the BCR signal is transmitted via a series of proteins associated with the adaptor protein B-cell linker (Blnk, SLP-65). Blnk binds CD79a via non-ITAM tyrosines and is phosphorylated by Syk. Phospho-Blnk acts as a scaffold for the assembly of the other components, including Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (Btk), Vav 1, and phospholipase C-gamma 2 (PLCγ2) [3]. Following the assembly of the BCR-signalosome, GRB2 binds and activates the Ras-guanine exchange factor SOS, which in turn activates the small GTPase RAS. The original RAS signal is transmitted and amplified through the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, which including the serine/threonine-specific protein kinase RAF followed by MEK and extracellular signal related kinases ERK 1 and 2 [4]. After stimulation of BCR, CD19 is phosphorylated by Lyn. Phosphorylated CD19 activates PI3K by binding to the p85 subunit of PI3K and produce phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) from PIP2, and PIP3 transmits signals downstream [5].
Central process of T cells responding to specific antigens is the binding of the T-cell receptor (TCR) to specific peptides bound to the major histocompatibility complex which expressed on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Once TCR connected with its ligand, the ζ-chain–associated protein kinase 70 molecules (Zap-70) are recruited to the TCR-CD3 site and activated, resulting in an initiation of several signaling cascades. Once stimulation, Zap-70 forms complexes with several molecules including SLP-76; and a sequential protein kinase cascade is initiated, consisting of MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAP3K), MAP kinase kinase (MAPKK), and MAP kinase (MAPK) [6]. Two MAPK kinases, MKK4 and MKK7, have been reported to be the primary activators of JNK. MKK3, MKK4, and MKK6 are activators of P38 MAP kinase [7]. MAP kinase pathways are major pathways induced by TCR stimulation, and they play a key role in T-cell responses.
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) binds to the cytosolic domain of CD28, leading to conversion of PIP2 to PIP3, activation of PKB (Akt) and phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1), and subsequent signaling transduction [8].
References
[1] Kawai T, Akira S. The role of pattern-recognition receptors in innate immunity: update on Toll-like receptors[J]. Nature immunology, 2010, 11(5): 373-384.
[2] Kawai T, Akira S. Toll-like receptors and their crosstalk with other innate receptors in infection and immunity[J]. Immunity, 2011, 34(5): 637-650.
[3] Packard T A, Cambier J C. B lymphocyte antigen receptor signaling: initiation, amplification, and regulation[J]. F1000Prime Rep, 2013, 5(40.10): 12703.
[4] Zhong Y, Byrd J C, Dubovsky J A. The B-cell receptor pathway: a critical component of healthy and malignant immune biology[C]//Seminars in hematology. WB Saunders, 2014, 51(3): 206-218.
[5] Baba Y, Matsumoto M, Kurosaki T. Calcium signaling in B cells: regulation of cytosolic Ca 2+ increase and its sensor molecules, STIM1 and STIM2[J]. Molecular immunology, 2014, 62(2): 339-343.
[6] Adachi K, Davis M M. T-cell receptor ligation induces distinct signaling pathways in naive vs. antigen-experienced T cells[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2011, 108(4): 1549-1554.
[7] Rincón M, Flavell R A, Davis R A. The Jnk and P38 MAP kinase signaling pathways in T cell–mediated immune responses[J]. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 2000, 28(9): 1328-1337.
[8] Bashour K T, Gondarenko A, Chen H, et al. CD28 and CD3 have complementary roles in T-cell traction forces[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2014, 111(6): 2241-2246.
أهداف لـ نبسب؛ Immunology/Inflammation
- Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase(1)
- Apoptosis(137)
- 5-Lipoxygenase(18)
- TLR(106)
- Papain(2)
- PGDS(1)
- PGE synthase(26)
- SIKs(10)
- IκB/IKK(83)
- AP-1(2)
- KEAP1-Nrf2(47)
- NOD1(1)
- NF-κB(265)
- Interleukin Related(129)
- 15-lipoxygenase(2)
- Others(10)
- Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor(35)
- CD73(16)
- Complement System(46)
- Galectin(30)
- IFNAR(19)
- NO Synthase(78)
- NOD-like Receptor (NLR)(37)
- STING(84)
- Reactive Oxygen Species(434)
- FKBP(14)
- eNOS(4)
- iNOS(24)
- nNOS(21)
- Glutathione(37)
- Adaptive Immunity(144)
- Allergy(129)
- Arthritis(25)
- Autoimmunity(134)
- Gastric Disease(64)
- Immunosuppressants(27)
- Immunotherapeutics(3)
- Innate Immunity(411)
- Pulmonary Diseases(76)
- Reactive Nitrogen Species(43)
- Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators(42)
- Reactive Sulfur Species(24)
منتجات لـ نبسب؛ Immunology/Inflammation
- القط. رقم اسم المنتج بيانات
- GC18655 3-hydroxy Decanoic Acid methyl ester 3-hydroxy Decanoic acid methyl ester is a hydroxylated fatty acid methyl ester that has been found in methyl-branched poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate) (PHA) polymers produced by P.
- GC42275 3-hydroxy Desloratidine 3-hydroxy Desloratidine is a major metabolite of desloratadine , a tricyclic antagonist of the histamine H1 receptor.
- GC42276 3-hydroxy Docosanoic Acid 3-hydroxy Docosanoic acid is a hydroxylated form of the 22-carbon saturated docosanoic acid.
- GC45774 3-hydroxy Heptadecanoic Acid A hydroxy fatty acid
- GC40474 3-hydroxy Lignoceric Acid 3-hydroxy Lignoceric acid is a hydroxylated form of the 24-carbon saturated lignoceric acid.
- GC49847 3-hydroxy methyl Cefuroxime 3-هيدروكسي ميثيل سيفوروكسيم هو نتاج تحلل سيفوروكسيم.
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GC42280
3-hydroxy Myristic Acid methyl ester
3-hydroxy Myristic acid methyl ester is a hydroxylated fatty acid methyl ester that has been found in E.
- GC42281 3-hydroxy Palmitic Acid 3-hydroxy Palmitic acid is a form of the 16:0 lipid palmitic acid.
- GC42282 3-hydroxy Palmitic Acid methyl ester 3-hydroxy Palmitic acid methyl ester (3-hydroxy PAME) is an esterized long-chain fatty acid involved in quorum sensing in R.
- GC42286 3-hydroxy Stearic Acid 3-hydroxy Stearic acid is a long-chain saturated fatty acid and intermediate in the production of 3-hydroxy octadecanedioic acid from stearic acid.
- GC42288 3-hydroxy Tridecanoic Acid 3-hydroxy Tridecanoic acid is a 13-carbon saturated fatty acid found in bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS).
- GC49819 3-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2(5H)-thiophenone A degradation product of cefaclor
- GC45336 3-hydroxy-DL-Kynurenine 3-هيدروكسي- DL-Kynurenine ، أميتابوليت التربتوفان ، هو سم عصبي داخلي محتمل تم وصف مستوياته المتزايدة في العديد من الاضطرابات العصبية التنكسية.
- GC49364 3-Hydroxycoumarin 3-هيدروكسي كومارين هو مثبط قوي للأكسدة والاختزال لـ 15-LOX-1 البشري
- GC45337 3-Hydroxyterphenyllin 3-هيدروكسيترفينيللين هو مستقلب من Aspergillus candidus.3-Hydroxyterphenyllin يمنع التكاثر ويسبب السمية الخلوية ضد خلايا A2780 / CP70 و OVCAR-3. 3-Hydroxyterphenyllin يحث على إيقاف المرحلة S وموت الخلايا المبرمج. 3-Hydroxyterphenyllin لديه القدرة على البحث عن سرطان المبيض.
- GC31290 3-Indolepropionic acid 3- يظهر حمض الإندوليبروبيونيك كمضاد قوي للأكسدة وله القدرة على علاج مرض الزهايمر
- GC48457 3-keto Fusidic Acid An active metabolite of fusidic acid
- GC64630 3-O-Acetyl-α-boswellic acid 3-O-Acetyl-α ؛ -حمض البوزويلك يثبط وظيفة الخلايا التائية.
- GC48488 3-Oxobetulin Acetate A derivative of betulin
- GC40692 3-Propylxanthine يعمل 3-Propylxanthine كمضاد لمستقبل A2B انتقائي وتنافسي مع Ki من μ ؛ M.
- GC45354 4β-Hydroxywithanolide E 4β؛ -Hydroxywithanolide E ، معزول عن Physalis peruviana L.
- GC48437 4'-Acetyl Chrysomycin A A bacterial metabolite with antibacterial and anticancer activities
- GC42406 4'-hydroxy Chalcone 4'-hydroxy Chalcone عبارة عن شالكون معزول من جذر عرق السوس ، مع نشاط كبد.
- GC18527 4'-hydroxy Flurbiprofen A major active metabolite of flurbiprofen
- GC46608 4-(N-Boc-amino)piperidine An organic building block
- GC46609 4-(Phenylcarbonyl)benzoic Acid A photooxidant
- GC49337 4-Acetamidobenzenesulfonamide A metabolite of asulam and sulfanilamide
- GC42338 4-Aminobenzoic Acid hydrazide 4-أمينوبنزويك أسيد هيدرازيد هو مثبط لا رجعة فيه MPO myeloperoxidase مع IC50 0.3 μ ؛ M.
- GC42351 4-carboxy TEMPO 4-carboxy TEMPO is a nitroxide and spin label.
- GC46630 4-CPPC A MIF-2 inhibitor
- GC42369 4-Deoxypyridoxine (hydrochloride) 4-Deoxypyridoxine (4-DPD) is a vitamin B6 antimetabolite with diverse biological activities.
- GC42373 4-epi Minocycline 4-epi Minocycline is the main degradation product of and a potential impurity in commercial preparations of minocycline.
- GC42374 4-epi-Chlortetracycline (hydrochloride) Chlortetracycline is an analog of tetracycline, a broad spectrum antibiotic.
-
GC42401
4-hydroperoxy Cyclophosphamide
نشط تنشيطًا للسيكلوفوسفاميد.
- GC18858 4-hydroxy Alternariol 4-hydroxy Alternariol is a metabolite of the mycotoxin alternariol formed through cytochrome P450 (CYP450) metabolism.
- GC49575 4-hydroxy Omeprazole sulfide A metabolite of omeprazole
- GA20418 4-Hydroxy-hippuric acid Polyphenol metabolite.
- GC38663 4-Hydroxychalcone 4-هيدروكسي كالكون هو مستقلب كالكون مع أنشطة مضادة لتولد الأوعية ومضادة للالتهابات
- GC33815 4-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid حمض 4-هيدروكسي فينيل أسيتيك ، مستقلب رئيسي مشتق من الجراثيم من البوليفينول ، يشارك في العمل المضاد للأكسدة
- GC18853 4-isocyanato TEMPO 4-isocyanato TEMPO is a spin labeling reagent used to label the 2'-position in RNA.
- GC41299 4-Methylumbelliferyl Caprylate 4-Methylumbelliferyl caprylate (MUCAP) is a fluorogenic substrate for C8 esterase.
- GC42448 4-Methylumbelliferyl-N-acetyl-α-D-Neuraminic Acid (sodium salt) 4-Methylumbelliferyl-N-acetyl-α ؛ -D-Neuraminic Acid (ملح الصوديوم) عبارة عن ركيزة فلورية تستخدم لفحص نشاط النورامينيداز.
- GC42461 4-Nitrophenyl β-D-Cellobioside 4-Nitrophenyl β-D-cellobioside is a disaccharide and an enzyme substrate.
- GC46672 4-Nitrophenyl Palmitate A colorimetric lipase and esterase substrate
- GC35143 4-O-Methyl honokiol 4-O-Methyl honokiol هو نيوليجنان طبيعي معزول من Magnolia officinalis ، يعمل كمحفز لـ PPARγ ، ويمنع نشاط NF-B ، ويستخدم في أبحاث السرطان والالتهابات
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GC31648
4-Octyl Itaconate
الأوكتيل إيتاكونات (4-OI) هو مشتق إيتاكونات يخترق الخلية. كان لإيتاكونات والأوكتيل إيتاكونات نفس التفاعل مع ثيول، مما يجعل الأوكتيل إيتاكونات بديلاً مناسبًا لدراسة وظائفه الحيوية.
- GC46673 4-octynyl Itaconate 4-octynyl Itaconate (ITalk) هو مسبار بيولوجي متعامد محدد للتنميط الكمي والبروتيوم الكيميائي الخاص بالموقع من Itaconation في الخلايا الحية.
- GC49127 4-oxo Cyclophosphamide An inactive metabolite of cyclophosphamide
- GC49244 4-oxo Isotretinoin An active metabolite of isotretinoin
- GC40477 4-Thiouracil 4-Thiouracil is a site-specific, photoactivatable probe used to detect RNA structures and nucleic acid-nucleic acid contacts.
- GC18582 5'-hydroxy Meloxicam A metabolite of meloxicam
- GC48381 5'-pApA (sodium salt) A linearized form of cyclic di-AMP
- GC48375 5'-pGpG (sodium salt) A linearized form of cyclic di-GMP
- GC49339 5(6)-Carboxy-2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate 5 (6) -Carboxy-&2#8242 ؛ ، 7′ ؛ -Dichlorofluorescein diacetate هو مؤشر فلورسنت دائم الخلية.
- GC41126 5(S),12(S)-DiHETE 5(S),12(S)-DiHETE is a natural bioactive lipid derived from arachidonic acid.
- GC41127 5(S),15(S)-DiHETE 5 (S) ، 15 (S) -DiHETE هو وسيط \5(S),15(S)-DiHETE is an “activated” intermediate, inhibits platelet aggregation with an IC50 of 1.3 μM.en_ar_2020q2.md
- GC40782 5(Z),11(Z),14(Z)-Eicosatrienoic Acid 5(Z),11(Z),14(Z)-Eicosatrienoic acid is a polyunsaturated fatty acid found in various natural sources including maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) seed oil (MPSO), gymnospermae leaves and seeds, and freshwater gastropods.
- GC46075 5,6-dimethyl-2-Thiouracil A heterocyclic building block
- GC48815 5,7,8-Trimethoxydictamnine A quinoline alkaloid with antimalarial activity
- GC52091 5,7-Dichlorothiazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidine A building block
- GC52227 5-(3',4'-Dihydroxyphenyl)-γ-Valerolactone An active metabolite of various polyphenols
- GC40527 5-(Hydroxymethyl)-2'-deoxyuridine 5-(Hydroxymethyl)-2'-deoxyuridine is a nucleoside analog with anticancer and antiviral activities.
- GC52413 5-Aminosalicylic Acid-d7 An internal standard for the quantification of 5-aminosalicylic acid
- GC49827 5-Androstenetriol An active metabolite of DHEA
- GC45357 5-Chlorouracil
- GC49233 5-Feruloylquinic Acid يمتلك حمض 5-Feruloylquinic (5-FQA) تأثيرات مضادة للأكسدة وأنشطة مثبطة للتيروزيناز
- GC39760 5-Galloylquinic acid حمض 5-Galloylquinic ، الزبال الرئيسي لأنواع الأكسجين التفاعلية (ROS) في الشاي الأخضر
- GC46033 5-Heneicosylresorcinol An alkylresorcinol
- GC42549 5-hydroxy Thiabendazole 5-hydroxy Thiabendazole (5-OH TBZ) is a major metabolite of the anthelmintic thiabendazole.
- GC61638 5-Hydroxyoxindole 5-هيدروكسيوكسيندول هو نظير هيكلي لحمض البوليك
- GC46705 5-Methoxycanthinone 5-ميثوكسيكانثينون هو مثبط نشط عن طريق الفم لسلالات الليشمانيا.
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GC40380
5-OxoETE
5-OxoETE is a polyunsaturated keto acid formed by the oxidation of 5-HETE in human neutrophils by a specific dehydrogenase.
- GC46712 5-Phenyllevulinic Acid A fungal metabolite
- GC46079 5-Tricosylresorcinol 5-تريكوزيل ريزورسينول هو أول كيس دهني.
- GC49676 6β-hydroxy Budesonide A metabolite of budesonide
- GC49629 6β-hydroxy Prednisolone A metabolite of prednisolone
- GC19536 6'-Sialyllactose Sodium Salt 6' ؛ -سياللاكتوز (صوديوم) ، وهو أحد السكريات السائدة في الحليب ، يقلل من استيعاب الزائفة الزنجارية في الخلايا الرئوية البشرية.
- GC45772 6(5H)-Phenanthridinone An inhibitor of PARP1 and 2
- GC41424 6(S)-Lipoxin A4 The lipoxins are trihydroxy fatty acids containing a 7,9,11,13-conjugated tetraene.
- GC46721 6-Chloro-2-fluoropurine A heterocyclic building block
- GC49551 6-Chloropurine Riboside A nucleoside precursor
- GC49749 6-Deoxypenciclovir An inactive metabolite of famciclovir
- GC45955 6-Ethyl-2,7-dimethoxyjuglone 6-Ethyl-2،7-dimethoxyjuglone هو مستقلب معزول عن فطريات المياه العذبة
- GC46724 6-Hydroxypyridin-3-ylboronic Acid A heterocyclic building block
- GC49235 6-Methylmercaptopurine A metabolite of 6-mercaptopurine
- GC49488 6-Methylmercaptopurine-d3 An internal standard for the quantification of 6-MMP
- GC49864 6-Methylpterin A derivative of folic acid
- GC45715 6-Prenylindole A bacterial metabolite
-
GC18776
6α-hydroxy Cholesterol
6α-hydroxy Cholesterol is an oxysterol that increases superoxide anion production in SK-N-BE cells when used at concentrations of 50 and 100 μM.
-
GC40202
7α-hydroxy Cholesterol-d7
7α-hydroxy Cholesterol-d7 is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of 7α-hydroxy cholesterol by GC- or LC-MS.
- GC49206 7α-hydroxy Dehydroepiandrosterone An active metabolite of dehydroepiandrosterone
- GC46740 7β,27-dihydroxy Cholesterol An oxysterol and agonist of RORγ and RORγt
- GC52471 7(S),10(S)-DiHOME An antibacterial hydroxy fatty acid
- GC46732 7(S),17(S)-dihydroxy-8(E),10(Z),13(Z),15(E),19(Z)-Docosapentaenoic Acid A metabolite of DPA with antiinflammatory properties
- GC48769 7,10-dihydroxy-8(E)-Octadecenoic Acid An antibacterial hydroxy fatty acid
- GC46733 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene 7،12-ثنائي ميثيل بنز [أ] أنثراسين له نشاط مسرطن باعتباره هيدروكربون عطري متعدد الحلقات (PAH). 7،12-ثنائي ميثيل بنز [أ] أنثراسين يستخدم للحث على تكوين الورم في نماذج مختلفة من القوارض.
- GC35184 7,3',4'-Tri-O-methylluteolin 7،3 '، 4'-Tri-O-methylluteolin (5-Hydroxy-3'، 4 '، 7-trimethoxyflavone) ، مركب فلافونويد ، له تأثيرات قوية مضادة للالتهابات في خط خلايا البلاعم المستحث بـ LPS بوساطة تثبيط إطلاق وسطاء التهابات ، NO ، PGE2 ، والسيتوكينات المؤيدة للالتهابات
- GC46080 7,3',4'-Trihydroxyflavone 7،3'؛، 4'؛ -Trihydroxyflavone مركب فلافونويد aglycon معزول عن قرون الفاصوليا العريضة.
- GC35185 7,4'-Dihydroxyflavone 7،4'-Dihydroxyflavone (7،4'-DHF) عبارة عن فلافونويد معزول من Glycyrrhiza uralensis ، مثبط eotaxin / CCL11 ، لديه القدرة على قمع إنتاج eotaxin باستمرار ومنع التأثيرات الضائرة المتناقضة على إنتاج eotaxin [ 1]
- GC45673 7,8-Dihydroneopterin 7،8-ديهيدرونوبترين ، علامة الالتهاب ، تحفز موت الخلايا المبرمج الخلوي في الخلايا النجمية والخلايا العصبية من خلال تعزيز تعبير سينثاز أكسيد النيتريك (iNOS)