Propranolol hydrochloride (Synonyms: ICI 45520, NSC 91523) |
Catalog No.GF04087
One-Click Copy Product Info
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Propranolol hydrochloride is a non-selective beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist. It inhibits both β1AR (Ki=1.8nM) and β2AR (Ki=0.8nM).
Products are for research use only. Not for human use. We do not sell to patients.
Cas No.: 3506-09-0
Sample solution is provided at 25 µL, 10mM.
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Propranolol hydrochloride is a non-selective beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist. It inhibits both β1AR (Ki=1.8nM) and β2AR (Ki=0.8nM). Propranolol hydrochloride reduces heart rate, myocardial contractility and cardiac output by competitively blocking β1 and β2 adrenergic receptors. Propranolol hydrochloride inhibits renin release. Propranolol hydrochloride can be used in research related to hypertension, exertional angina pectoris, supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias, secondary prevention of myocardial infarction, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, tachycardia control in pheochromocytoma, rapid heart rate in hyperthyroidism, and migraine prophylaxis[1-4].
In vitro, treatment with 2.5-320μM Propranolol hydrochloride for 24 hours reduced cell viability and inhibited proliferation in human colorectal cancer HCT-116, HT-29, SW-480 and SW-620 cells. Propranolol hydrochloride suppressed colony formation and induced apoptosis[5]. Treatment with 100nM Propranolol hydrochloride combined with Newcastle disease virus for 48 hours reduced cell viability in CMT-U27 cells. Propranolol hydrochloride inhibited cell migration and matrix invasion ability, increased intracellular Newcastle disease virus HN protein expression, and decreased IFNα and IFNβ secretion and mRNA levels[6]. Treatment with 200μM Propranolol hydrochloride for 24-48 hours inhibited proliferation in MKN45 and NUGC3 cells. Newcastle disease virus induced G1 phase cell cycle arrest, increased the proportion of apoptotic cells, and suppressed cell migration ability[7].
In vivo, a single intraperitoneal injection of 10mg/kg Propranolol hydrochloride delayed the peak time of cortical spreading depression propagation in C57BL/6J mice with cortical spreading depression. Propranolol hydrochloride prevented the elevation of cerebral blood flow associated with cortical spreading depression[8]. A single intraperitoneal injection of 20mg/kg Propranolol hydrochloride attenuated physiological and pathological tremor peak power in C57BLKS/J mice and Car8wdl/wdl mutant mice. Propranolol hydrochloride reduced simple spike and complex spike firing frequency of Purkinje cells in awake state and decreased cerebellar interpositus nucleus neuron firing frequency[9]. Oral gavage of 30mg/kg Propranolol hydrochloride daily for 3 weeks reduced plasma norepinephrine levels in cirrhotic C57BL/6 mice. Propranolol hydrochloride alleviated splenomegaly by reducing spleen weight and spleen-to-body weight ratio, reversed peripheral blood T cell depletion, and reduced positive bacterial culture rates in blood, ascites, intestine, pleural fluid and liver. Propranolol hydrochloride reduced splenic white pulp area and inhibited the apoptotic zone in splenic white pulp, decreased ADRB1 and ADRB2 protein expression in spleen, restored the proportion of naive Th and effector memory Th cells among splenic Th cells, downregulated CD68, F4/80, iNOS, TGFβ1, Foxp3 and Th1-related molecule expression and upregulated Th2-related molecule expression in spleen tissue, and reduced splenic lipopolysaccharide binding protein level[10].
References:
[1] Al-Majed AA, Bakheit AHH, Abdel Aziz HA, et al. Propranolol. Profiles Drug Subst Excip Relat Methodol. 2017;42:287-338.
[2] Takka S. Propranolol hydrochloride-anionic polymer binding interaction. Farmaco. 2003 Oct;58(10):1051-6.
[3] Thacharodi D, Rao KP. Propranolol hydrochloride release behaviour of crosslinked chitosan membranes. J Chem Technol Biotechnol. 1993;58(2):177-81.
[4] Ahn BN, Kim SK, Shim CK. Preparation and evaluation of proliposomes containing propranolol hydrochloride. J Microencapsul. 1995 Jul-Aug;12(4):363-75.
[5] Alzahrani SM, Al Doghaither HA, Alkhatabi HA, et al. Investigating the potential of propranolol as an anti-tumor agent in colorectal cancer cell lines. Int J Mol Sci. 2025 Aug;26(15):7513.
[6] Zhu Y, Xu M, Li M. Propranolol enhances the oncolytic effect of newcastle disease virus on canine mammary tumor cell by modulating the IFN-I-mediated JAK-STAT signaling pathway. Vet Q. 2026;46(1):2648283.
[7] Koh M, Takahashi T, Kurokawa Y, et al. Propranolol suppresses gastric cancer cell growth by regulating proliferation and apoptosis. Gastric Cancer. 2021 Nov;24(6):1037-1049.
[8] Kurauchi Y, Haruta M, Tanaka R, et al. Propranolol prevents cerebral blood flow changes and pain-related behaviors in migraine model mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2019 Jan 22;508(4):1273-1279.
[9] Zhou J, Van der Heijden ME, Salazar Leon LE, et al. Propranolol Modulates Cerebellar Circuit Activity and Reduces Tremor. Cells. 2022 Dec 1;11(23):3889.
[10] Tsai HC, Hsu CF, Huang CC, et al. Propranolol Suppresses the T-Helper Cell Depletion-Related Immune Dysfunction in Cirrhotic Mice. Cells. 2020 Mar;9(3):604.
| Cell experiment [1]: | |
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Cell lines |
MKN45 cells, NUGC3 cells (human gastric cancer cell line) |
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Preparation Method |
MKN45 and NUGC3 cells were maintained in Roswell Park Memorial Institute 1640 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum at 37°C, 5% CO2. Cells were treated with Propranolol hydrochloride at 200μM for 24 or 48 hours, followed by assays for proliferation (WST-8), cell cycle (flow cytometry with PI staining), apoptosis (annexin V-FITC/PI), Western blot, and wound healing. |
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Reaction Conditions |
200μM; 24h or 48h |
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Applications |
Propranolol hydrochloride inhibited MKN45 and NUGC3 cell proliferation. Propranolol hydrochloride induced G1-phase cell cycle arrest, downregulating cyclin D1, cyclin E2 and phosphorylated Rb. Propranolol hydrochloride increased apoptosis, upregulating cleaved PARP, cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-6. Propranolol hydrochloride suppressed MMP-2, MMP-9 and VEGF expression and inhibited MKN45 cell migration. Propranolol hydrochloride decreased phosphorylated MEK, ERK, CREB and ATF2 levels. |
| Animal experiment [2]: | |
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Animal models |
8-week-old male C57BL/6 mice with thioacetamide (TAA)-induced cirrhosis (200mg/kg i.p., 3 times/week for 16 weeks) or bile duct ligation (BDL)-induced cirrhosis (5 weeks post-BDL) |
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Preparation Method |
TAA-cirrhotic and BDL-cirrhotic mice received oral gavage of Propranolol hydrochloride 30mg/kg/day for 3 weeks (TAA administration continued during treatment). At sacrifice, plasma norepinephrine, systemic cytokines, bacterial cultures from blood/liver/lung/intestine/ascites/pleural fluid, spleen weight and white pulp area, splenic TUNEL apoptosis, splenic ADRB1/ADRB2 protein, and splenic Th cell subset proportions were measured. |
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Dosage form |
30mg/kg/day; oral gavage; 3 weeks |
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Applications |
Propranolol hydrochloride lowered plasma norepinephrine levels. Propranolol hydrochloride reduced spleen weight and spleen-to-body weight ratio. Propranolol hydrochloride decreased positive bacterial culture rates in blood, ascites, intestine, pleural fluid and liver. Propranolol hydrochloride shifted serum cytokines by lowering Th1 (IFN-γ, TNF-α) and Treg (IL-35) levels and raising Th2 (IL-10) level. Propranolol hydrochloride reduced splenic white pulp area and splenic TUNEL-positive apoptotic area. Propranolol hydrochloride downregulated splenic ADRB1 and ADRB2 protein. Propranolol hydrochloride restored splenic naive and effector memory Th cell proportions, reduced Treg (CD25+FoxP3+) proportion, and lowered splenic CD68, F4/80, iNOS, TGFβ1, Foxp3 mRNA/protein while raising IL-10. Propranolol hydrochloride reduced splenic lipopolysaccharide binding protein level. |
References: [1] Koh M, Takahashi T, Kurokawa Y, et al. Propranolol suppresses gastric cancer cell growth by regulating proliferation and apoptosis. Gastric Cancer. 2021 Nov;24(6):1037-1049. [2] Tsai HC, Hsu CF, Huang CC, et al. Propranolol Suppresses the T-Helper Cell Depletion-Related Immune Dysfunction in Cirrhotic Mice. Cells. 2020 Mar;9(3):604. | |
| Cas No. | 3506-09-0 | SDF | |
| Synonyms | ICI 45520, NSC 91523 | ||
| Formula | C16H22ClNO2 | M.Wt | 295.804 |
| Solubility | DMSO : ≥ 150 mg/mL (507.10 mM); H2O : 33.33 mg/mL (112.68 mM; Need ultrasonic) | Storage | Store at -20°C |
| Shipping Condition | Evaluation sample solution: shipped with blue ice. All other sizes available: with RT, or with Blue Ice upon request. | ||
| Prepare stock solution | |||
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1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg |
| 1 mM | 3.3806 mL | 16.9031 mL | 33.8062 mL |
| 5 mM | 676.1 μL | 3.3806 mL | 6.7612 mL |
| 10 mM | 338.1 μL | 1.6903 mL | 3.3806 mL |
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Method for preparing DMSO master liquid: mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO ( Master liquid concentration mg/mL, Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug. )
Method for preparing in vivo formulation: Take μL DMSO master liquid, next addμL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL saline, mix and clarify.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation: Take μL DMSO master liquid, next add μL Corn oil, mix and clarify.
Note: 1. Please make sure the liquid is clear before adding the next solvent.
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3. All of the above co-solvents are available for purchase on the GlpBio website.
Quality Control & SDS
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- Purity: >99.00% Appearance: A solid
- COA (Certificate of Analysis)
- SDS (Safety Data Sheet)
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Average Rating: 5 (Based on Reviews and 30 reference(s) in Google Scholar.)