Immunology/Inflammation
The immune and inflammation-related pathway including the Toll-like receptors pathway, the B cell receptor signaling pathway, the T cell receptor signaling pathway, etc.
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a central role in host cell recognition and responses to microbial pathogens. TLR4 initially recruits TIRAP and MyD88. MyD88 then recruits IRAKs, TRAF6, and the TAK1 complex, leading to early-stage activation of NF-κB and MAP kinases [1]. TLR4 is endocytosed and delivered to intracellular vesicles and forms a complex with TRAM and TRIF, which then recruits TRAF3 and the protein kinases TBK1 and IKKi. TBK1 and IKKi catalyze the phosphorylation of IRF3, leading to the expression of type I IFN [2].
BCR signaling is initiated through ligation of mIg under conditions that induce phosphorylation of the ITAMs in CD79, leading to the activation of Syk. Once Syk is activated, the BCR signal is transmitted via a series of proteins associated with the adaptor protein B-cell linker (Blnk, SLP-65). Blnk binds CD79a via non-ITAM tyrosines and is phosphorylated by Syk. Phospho-Blnk acts as a scaffold for the assembly of the other components, including Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (Btk), Vav 1, and phospholipase C-gamma 2 (PLCγ2) [3]. Following the assembly of the BCR-signalosome, GRB2 binds and activates the Ras-guanine exchange factor SOS, which in turn activates the small GTPase RAS. The original RAS signal is transmitted and amplified through the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, which including the serine/threonine-specific protein kinase RAF followed by MEK and extracellular signal related kinases ERK 1 and 2 [4]. After stimulation of BCR, CD19 is phosphorylated by Lyn. Phosphorylated CD19 activates PI3K by binding to the p85 subunit of PI3K and produce phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) from PIP2, and PIP3 transmits signals downstream [5].
Central process of T cells responding to specific antigens is the binding of the T-cell receptor (TCR) to specific peptides bound to the major histocompatibility complex which expressed on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Once TCR connected with its ligand, the ζ-chain–associated protein kinase 70 molecules (Zap-70) are recruited to the TCR-CD3 site and activated, resulting in an initiation of several signaling cascades. Once stimulation, Zap-70 forms complexes with several molecules including SLP-76; and a sequential protein kinase cascade is initiated, consisting of MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAP3K), MAP kinase kinase (MAPKK), and MAP kinase (MAPK) [6]. Two MAPK kinases, MKK4 and MKK7, have been reported to be the primary activators of JNK. MKK3, MKK4, and MKK6 are activators of P38 MAP kinase [7]. MAP kinase pathways are major pathways induced by TCR stimulation, and they play a key role in T-cell responses.
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) binds to the cytosolic domain of CD28, leading to conversion of PIP2 to PIP3, activation of PKB (Akt) and phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1), and subsequent signaling transduction [8].
References
[1] Kawai T, Akira S. The role of pattern-recognition receptors in innate immunity: update on Toll-like receptors[J]. Nature immunology, 2010, 11(5): 373-384.
[2] Kawai T, Akira S. Toll-like receptors and their crosstalk with other innate receptors in infection and immunity[J]. Immunity, 2011, 34(5): 637-650.
[3] Packard T A, Cambier J C. B lymphocyte antigen receptor signaling: initiation, amplification, and regulation[J]. F1000Prime Rep, 2013, 5(40.10): 12703.
[4] Zhong Y, Byrd J C, Dubovsky J A. The B-cell receptor pathway: a critical component of healthy and malignant immune biology[C]//Seminars in hematology. WB Saunders, 2014, 51(3): 206-218.
[5] Baba Y, Matsumoto M, Kurosaki T. Calcium signaling in B cells: regulation of cytosolic Ca 2+ increase and its sensor molecules, STIM1 and STIM2[J]. Molecular immunology, 2014, 62(2): 339-343.
[6] Adachi K, Davis M M. T-cell receptor ligation induces distinct signaling pathways in naive vs. antigen-experienced T cells[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2011, 108(4): 1549-1554.
[7] Rincón M, Flavell R A, Davis R A. The Jnk and P38 MAP kinase signaling pathways in T cell–mediated immune responses[J]. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 2000, 28(9): 1328-1337.
[8] Bashour K T, Gondarenko A, Chen H, et al. CD28 and CD3 have complementary roles in T-cell traction forces[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2014, 111(6): 2241-2246.
Products for Immunology/Inflammation
- Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase(1)
- Apoptosis(113)
- 5-Lipoxygenase(17)
- TLR(73)
- Papain(1)
- PGDS(1)
- PGE synthase(23)
- SIKs(9)
- IκB/IKK(61)
- AP-1(1)
- KEAP1-Nrf2(46)
- NOD1(1)
- TLR(63)
- NF-κB(207)
- Interleukin Related(87)
- 15-lipoxygenase(2)
- Others(10)
- Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor(29)
- CD73(13)
- Complement System(37)
- Galectin(6)
- IFNAR(13)
- NO Synthase(64)
- NOD-like Receptor (NLR)(28)
- STING(74)
- Reactive Oxygen Species(373)
- FKBP(14)
- eNOS(4)
- iNOS(24)
- nNOS(19)
- Glutathione(35)
- Adaptive Immunity(140)
- Allergy(88)
- Arthritis(24)
- Autoimmunity(127)
- Gastric Disease(61)
- Immunosuppressants(25)
- Immunotherapeutics(3)
- Innate Immunity(396)
- Pulmonary Diseases(74)
- Reactive Nitrogen Species(43)
- Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators(41)
- Reactive Sulfur Species(24)
- Cat.No. Product Name Information
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GC68461
TrxR-IN-5
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GC68452
2,4,6-Triiodophenol
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GC68432
DB-3-291
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GC68386
CD73-IN-5
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GC68379
L-Arginine-13C6,15N4 hydrochloride
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GC68346
Uliledlimab
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GC68344
Mupadolimab
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GC68341
Nemolizumab
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GC68336
Siltuximab
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GC68308
Bisdemethoxycurcumin-d8
-
GC68306
Deoxynyboquinone
-
GC68294
ODN 1668
-
GC68293
ODN 1585
-
GC68292
ODN 2395
-
GC68230
MitoSOX Red
-
GC68213
MitoBloCK-6
-
GC68141
SEMBL
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GC68081
3-Amino-1,2,4-triazine
-
GC68051
Citric acid-d4
-
GC68044
2,4,6-Trihydroxybenzaldehyde
-
GC68043
2-tert-Butyl-1,4-benzoquinone
-
GC68039
Chlorin e6 trimethyl ester
-
GC68029
JPE-1375
-
GC67968
ALPK1-IN-2
-
GC67966
Methylstat
-
GC67936
Lupiwighteone
-
GC67903
RIDR-PI-103
-
GC67892
CHD-5
-
GC67890
PHA 408
-
GC67859
Clerodendrin
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GC67792
NSC49652
-
GC67748
Brodalumab
-
GC67721
CP-447697
-
GC67719
SN-001
-
GC67699
TLR8 agonist 5
-
GC52516
Erbstatin
A tyrosine kinase inhibitor
-
GC52514
Arachidonic Acid-d11 ethyl ester
An internal standard for the quantification of arachidonic acid ethyl ester
-
GC52505
Ganglioside GT1b (bovine) (sodium salt)
A sphingolipid
-
GC52501
2',3'-Dideoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate (lithium salt)
An inhibitor of reverse transcriptases and DNA polymerases
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GC52499
Abz-Ala-Pro-Glu-Glu-Ile-Met-Arg-Arg-Gln-EDDnp (trifluoroacetate salt)
A sensitive substrate for neutrophil elastase
-
GC52496
Sulfatide (bovine) (sodium salt)
A mixture of isolated bovine sulfatides
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GC52492
Globotriaosylceramide (hydroxy) (porcine RBC)
A sphingolipid
-
GC52491
Globotriaosylceramide (non-hydroxy) (porcine RBC)
A sphingolipid
-
GC52489
Ceramide (hydroxy) (bovine spinal cord)
A sphingolipid
-
GC52487
Ganglioside GM4 (chicken egg) (ammonium salt)
A sphingolipid
-
GC52486
Ceramide Phosphoethanolamine (bovine)
A sphingolipid
-
GC52485
Ceramide (non-hydroxy) (bovine spinal cord)
A sphingolipid
-
GC52483
Fucosylated Ganglioside GM1 (porcine) (ammonium salt)
A sphingolipid
-
GC52476
Bax Inhibitor Peptide V5 (trifluoroacetate salt)
A Bax inhibitor
-
GC52475
Zanamivir-13C,15N2 (hydrate)
An internal standard for the quantification of zanamivir
-
GC52473
NVP-AAM077
An NMDA receptor antagonist
-
GC52472
Inostamycin A (sodium salt)
A bacterial metabolite with anticancer activity
-
GC52471
7(S),10(S)-DiHOME
An antibacterial hydroxy fatty acid
-
GC52469
CL2A-SN-38 (dichloroacetic acid salt)
An antibody-drug conjugate containing SN-38
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GC52468
Benanomicin B
A microbial metabolite with antifungal, fungicidal, and antiviral activities
-
GC52467
Cell Death Screening Library
For screening a variety of cell death pathways
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GC52457
WRW4 (trifluoroacetate salt)
A peptide antagonist of FPR2 and FPR3
-
GC52455
Pixantrone-d8 (maleate)
An internal standard for the quantification of pixantrone
-
GC52446
2-Nonylquinolin-4(1H)-one-d4
An internal standard for the quantification of 2-nonylquinolin-4(1H)-one
-
GC52445
2-nonyl-3-hydroxy-4-Quinolone-d4
An internal standard for the quantification of 2-nonyl-3-hydroxy-4-quinolone
-
GC52442
(D)-PPA 1 (trifluoroacetate salt)
An inhibitor of the PD-1-PD-L1 protein-protein interaction
-
GC52436
TRAP-6 amide (trifluoroacetate salt)
A peptide PAR1 agonist
-
GC52434
Marbofloxacin-d8 (hydrochloride)
An internal standard for the quantification of marbofloxacin
-
GC52427
Apelin-12 (human, mouse, rat, bovine) (acetate)
An endogenous agonist of the APJ receptor
-
GC52426
Chemerin-9 (human) (acetate)
A peptide agonist of CMKLR1 and CMKLR2
-
GC52425
PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitor 3 (trifluoroacetate salt)
A PD-1/PD-L1 interaction inhibitor
-
GC52424
Bradykinin Fragment (1-5) (trifluoroacetate salt)
A metabolite of bradykinin
-
GC52423
10Panx (trifluoroacetate salt)
A peptide inhibitor of PANX1
-
GC52421
(±)-10-hydroxy-12(Z)-Octadecenoic Acid-d5
An internal standard for the quantification of (±)-10-hydroxy-12(Z)-octadecenoic acid
-
GC52419
MOG (35-55) (mouse, rat) (trifluoroacetate salt)
An MOG antigen peptide
-
GC52416
Histatin 5 (trifluoroacetate salt)
An antimicrobial peptide
-
GC52413
5-Aminosalicylic Acid-d7
An internal standard for the quantification of 5-aminosalicylic acid
-
GC52412
TT-232 (trifluoroacetate salt)
A synthetic peptide derivative of somatostatin
-
GC52406
AMPR-22 (trifluoroacetate salt)
An antimicrobial peptide
-
GC52400
γ-Glu-Ala (trifluoroacetate salt)
A dipeptide
-
GC52395
Indolicidin (trifluoroacetate salt)
An antimicrobial peptide
-
GC52394
LC10
A lipidoid derivative of lithocholic acid
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GC52385
Myelin Basic Protein (85-99) Peptide Antagonist (trifluoroacetate salt)
An MBP (85-99) antagonist
-
GC52384
NFAT Inhibitor (cell-permeable) (trifluoroacetate salt)
A cell-permeable form of NFAT inhibitor
-
GC52380
AOD-9604 (acetate)
A synthetic lipolytic peptide
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GC52378
Cecropin A (trifluoroacetate salt)
An antimicrobial peptide
-
GC52372
Ac-VDVAD-AFC (trifluoroacetate salt)
A fluorogenic substrate for caspase-2
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GC52371
Vimentin (G146R) (139-159)-biotin Peptide
A biotinylated mutant vimentin peptide
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GC52370
Citrullinated Vimentin (R144) (139-159)-biotin Peptide
A biotinylated and citrullinated vimentin peptide
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GC52369
Cecropin B (trifluoroacetate salt)
An antimicrobial peptide
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GC52367
Citrullinated Vimentin (G146R) (R144 + R146) (139-159)-biotin Peptide
A biotinylated and citrullinated mutant vimentin peptide
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GC52364
Vimentin (139-159)-biotin Peptide
A biotinylated vimentin peptide
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GC52363
Citrullinated Histone H3 (R2 + R8 + R17) (2-22)-biotin Peptide
A biotinylated and citrullinated histone H3 peptide
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GC52358
Malachite Green (chloride)
A triphenylmethane dye
-
GC52355
BimS BH3 (51-76) (human) (trifluoroacetate salt)
A Bim-derived peptide
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GC52351
Citrullinated α-Enolase (R8 + R14) (1-19)-biotin Peptide
A biotinylated and citrullinated α-enolase peptide
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GC52346
IDR 1002 (trifluoroacetate salt)
A synthetic cationic innate defense regulator peptide
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GC52344
Bak BH3 (72-87) (human) (trifluoroacetate salt)
A Bak-derived peptide
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GC52343
113-O12B
An ionizable cationic lipidoid
-
GC52342
P4pal10 (trifluoroacetate salt)
A PAR4 and FPR2 antagonist and an FFAR2 agonist
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GC52334
ENPP1 Inhibitor 4e
An ENPP1 inhibitor
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GC52332
Arimoclomol
A co-inducer of heat shock proteins
-
GC52329
Betamethasone-d5
An internal standard for the quantification of betamethasone
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GC52326
Biotin-PEG4-LL-37 (human) (trifluoroacetate salt)
A biotinylated and pegylated form of LL-37
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GC52324
3-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)propionic Acid sulfate
A metabolite of certain phenols and glycosides