Immunology/Inflammation
The immune and inflammation-related pathway including the Toll-like receptors pathway, the B cell receptor signaling pathway, the T cell receptor signaling pathway, etc.
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a central role in host cell recognition and responses to microbial pathogens. TLR4 initially recruits TIRAP and MyD88. MyD88 then recruits IRAKs, TRAF6, and the TAK1 complex, leading to early-stage activation of NF-κB and MAP kinases [1]. TLR4 is endocytosed and delivered to intracellular vesicles and forms a complex with TRAM and TRIF, which then recruits TRAF3 and the protein kinases TBK1 and IKKi. TBK1 and IKKi catalyze the phosphorylation of IRF3, leading to the expression of type I IFN [2].
BCR signaling is initiated through ligation of mIg under conditions that induce phosphorylation of the ITAMs in CD79, leading to the activation of Syk. Once Syk is activated, the BCR signal is transmitted via a series of proteins associated with the adaptor protein B-cell linker (Blnk, SLP-65). Blnk binds CD79a via non-ITAM tyrosines and is phosphorylated by Syk. Phospho-Blnk acts as a scaffold for the assembly of the other components, including Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (Btk), Vav 1, and phospholipase C-gamma 2 (PLCγ2) [3]. Following the assembly of the BCR-signalosome, GRB2 binds and activates the Ras-guanine exchange factor SOS, which in turn activates the small GTPase RAS. The original RAS signal is transmitted and amplified through the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, which including the serine/threonine-specific protein kinase RAF followed by MEK and extracellular signal related kinases ERK 1 and 2 [4]. After stimulation of BCR, CD19 is phosphorylated by Lyn. Phosphorylated CD19 activates PI3K by binding to the p85 subunit of PI3K and produce phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) from PIP2, and PIP3 transmits signals downstream [5].
Central process of T cells responding to specific antigens is the binding of the T-cell receptor (TCR) to specific peptides bound to the major histocompatibility complex which expressed on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Once TCR connected with its ligand, the ζ-chain–associated protein kinase 70 molecules (Zap-70) are recruited to the TCR-CD3 site and activated, resulting in an initiation of several signaling cascades. Once stimulation, Zap-70 forms complexes with several molecules including SLP-76; and a sequential protein kinase cascade is initiated, consisting of MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAP3K), MAP kinase kinase (MAPKK), and MAP kinase (MAPK) [6]. Two MAPK kinases, MKK4 and MKK7, have been reported to be the primary activators of JNK. MKK3, MKK4, and MKK6 are activators of P38 MAP kinase [7]. MAP kinase pathways are major pathways induced by TCR stimulation, and they play a key role in T-cell responses.
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) binds to the cytosolic domain of CD28, leading to conversion of PIP2 to PIP3, activation of PKB (Akt) and phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1), and subsequent signaling transduction [8].
References
[1] Kawai T, Akira S. The role of pattern-recognition receptors in innate immunity: update on Toll-like receptors[J]. Nature immunology, 2010, 11(5): 373-384.
[2] Kawai T, Akira S. Toll-like receptors and their crosstalk with other innate receptors in infection and immunity[J]. Immunity, 2011, 34(5): 637-650.
[3] Packard T A, Cambier J C. B lymphocyte antigen receptor signaling: initiation, amplification, and regulation[J]. F1000Prime Rep, 2013, 5(40.10): 12703.
[4] Zhong Y, Byrd J C, Dubovsky J A. The B-cell receptor pathway: a critical component of healthy and malignant immune biology[C]//Seminars in hematology. WB Saunders, 2014, 51(3): 206-218.
[5] Baba Y, Matsumoto M, Kurosaki T. Calcium signaling in B cells: regulation of cytosolic Ca 2+ increase and its sensor molecules, STIM1 and STIM2[J]. Molecular immunology, 2014, 62(2): 339-343.
[6] Adachi K, Davis M M. T-cell receptor ligation induces distinct signaling pathways in naive vs. antigen-experienced T cells[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2011, 108(4): 1549-1554.
[7] Rincón M, Flavell R A, Davis R A. The Jnk and P38 MAP kinase signaling pathways in T cell–mediated immune responses[J]. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 2000, 28(9): 1328-1337.
[8] Bashour K T, Gondarenko A, Chen H, et al. CD28 and CD3 have complementary roles in T-cell traction forces[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2014, 111(6): 2241-2246.
Products for Immunology/Inflammation
- Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase(1)
- Apoptosis(113)
- 5-Lipoxygenase(17)
- TLR(98)
- Papain(1)
- PGDS(1)
- PGE synthase(23)
- SIKs(9)
- IκB/IKK(61)
- AP-1(1)
- KEAP1-Nrf2(34)
- NOD1(1)
- NF-κB(208)
- Interleukin Related(88)
- 15-lipoxygenase(2)
- Others(10)
- Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor(29)
- CD73(13)
- Complement System(38)
- Galectin(6)
- IFNAR(13)
- NO Synthase(65)
- NOD-like Receptor (NLR)(28)
- STING(77)
- Reactive Oxygen Species(378)
- FKBP(11)
- eNOS(4)
- iNOS(24)
- nNOS(20)
- Glutathione(36)
- Adaptive Immunity(144)
- Allergy(90)
- Arthritis(25)
- Autoimmunity(131)
- Gastric Disease(64)
- Immunosuppressants(27)
- Immunotherapeutics(3)
- Innate Immunity(408)
- Pulmonary Diseases(76)
- Reactive Nitrogen Species(43)
- Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators(42)
- Reactive Sulfur Species(24)
- Cat.No. Product Name Information
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GN10814
Quercitrin
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GN10805
Protopanaxdiol
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GN10804
Isovitexin
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GN10799
Ginsenoside Rg3
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GN10784
Rhoifolin
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GN10778
Picroside II
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GN10759
Sanggenone C
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GN10741
Garcinone D
-
GN10737
Tanshinone IIA
-
GN10727
Forsythoside B
-
GN10718
Andrographolide
-
GN10706
Diosimin
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GN10698
Cynarin
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GN10693
Rutin
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GN10685
Anemarsaponin B
-
GN10669
Glucosamine sulfate
-
GN10668
Coenzyme Q10
-
GN10664
Honokiol
-
GN10662
Cichoric Acid
-
GN10650
Ziyuglycoside II
-
GN10646
Engeletin
-
GN10627
Atractylenolide I
-
GN10614
Ginsenoside Rg2
-
GN10613
Hesperidin
-
GN10599
Procyanidin B2
-
GN10584
Ginsenoside Rk1
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GN10582
Liquiritin
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GN10579
Aristolochic Acid A
-
GN10569
Lobetyolin
-
GN10550
Neosperidin dihydrochalcone
-
GN10549
Ginsenoside Rd
-
GN10544
Ginsenoside Rg1
-
GN10538
Ginsenoside Rh1
-
GN10536
Aconine
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GN10534
Asiaticoside
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GN10523
Berberine Sulfate
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GN10519
Ethyl ferulate
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GN10518
Chitosamine hydrochloride
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GN10509
Apigenin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside
-
GN10504
Echinocystic acid
-
GN10503
Piceatannol
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GN10491
Mangiferin
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GN10484
Amentoflavone
-
GN10475
Rhein
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GN10450
Ginsenoside F3
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GN10448
Lycopene
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GN10443
Berbamine
-
GN10442
Curculigoside
-
GN10436
Morusin
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GN10429
Neochlorogenic acid
-
GN10423
Lipoic acid
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GN10422
Echinacoside
-
GN10415
Astilbin
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GN10409
cor-nuside
-
GN10395
Prim-O-glucosylcimifugin
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GN10388
Gallic acid
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GN10370
Luteolin
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GN10368
Schisantherin A
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GN10358
Berbamine hydrochloride
-
GN10357
Parthenolide
-
GN10356
Calycosin-7-glucoside
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GN10348
Proanthocyanidin B1
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GN10342
Chondroitin sulfate
-
GN10338
Compound K
-
GN10337
Tyrosol
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GN10325
Nobiletin
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GN10312
Polygalasaponin F
-
GN10308
Chlorogenic acid
-
GN10307
Ginsenoside Re
-
GN10298
Alibiflorin
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GN10292
Silibinin
-
GN10280
Sinensetin
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GN10276
Naringenin
-
GN10269
Wedelolactone
-
GN10264
Isochlorogenic acid A
-
GN10260
Sarsasapogenin
-
GN10254
Ginsenoside Rc
-
GN10237
Protopine
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GN10221
Berberine
-
GN10220
Ginsenoside Rb3
-
GN10216
Shikonin
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GN10213
Sinomenine Hydrochloride
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GN10212
8-O-Acetyl shanzhiside methyl ester
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GN10208
Berberine hydrochloride
-
GN10205
Irisflorentin
-
GN10185
Rhynchophylline
-
GN10178
Cyclohexanecarboxylicacid
-
GN10172
Ruscogenin
-
GN10164
Saikosaponin D
-
GN10156
Ginsenoside Rb1
-
GN10132
Schizandrin B
-
GN10120
Pinocembrin
-
GN10119
Zingerone
-
GN10118
Desacetyl asperulosidic acid
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GN10103
Neferine
-
GN10098
Glabridin
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GN10091
Schaftoside
-
GN10074
Xanthotoxol
-
GN10056
Dihydroartemisinin
-
GN10055
Mulberroside A