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Immunology/Inflammation

The immune and inflammation-related pathway including the Toll-like receptors pathway, the B cell receptor signaling pathway, the T cell receptor signaling pathway, etc.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a central role in host cell recognition and responses to microbial pathogens. TLR4 initially recruits TIRAP and MyD88. MyD88 then recruits IRAKs, TRAF6, and the TAK1 complex, leading to early-stage activation of NF-κB and MAP kinases [1]. TLR4 is endocytosed and delivered to intracellular vesicles and forms a complex with TRAM and TRIF, which then recruits TRAF3 and the protein kinases TBK1 and IKKi. TBK1 and IKKi catalyze the phosphorylation of IRF3, leading to the expression of type I IFN [2].

BCR signaling is initiated through ligation of mIg under conditions that induce phosphorylation of the ITAMs in CD79, leading to the activation of Syk. Once Syk is activated, the BCR signal is transmitted via a series of proteins associated with the adaptor protein B-cell linker (Blnk, SLP-65). Blnk binds CD79a via non-ITAM tyrosines and is phosphorylated by Syk. Phospho-Blnk acts as a scaffold for the assembly of the other components, including Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (Btk), Vav 1, and phospholipase C-gamma 2 (PLCγ2) [3]. Following the assembly of the BCR-signalosome, GRB2 binds and activates the Ras-guanine exchange factor SOS, which in turn activates the small GTPase RAS. The original RAS signal is transmitted and amplified through the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, which including the serine/threonine-specific protein kinase RAF followed by MEK and extracellular signal related kinases ERK 1 and 2 [4]. After stimulation of BCR, CD19 is phosphorylated by Lyn. Phosphorylated CD19 activates PI3K by binding to the p85 subunit of PI3K and produce phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) from PIP2, and PIP3 transmits signals downstream [5].

Central process of T cells responding to specific antigens is the binding of the T-cell receptor (TCR) to specific peptides bound to the major histocompatibility complex which expressed on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Once TCR connected with its ligand, the ζ-chain–associated protein kinase 70 molecules (Zap-70) are recruited to the TCR-CD3 site and activated, resulting in an initiation of several signaling cascades. Once stimulation, Zap-70 forms complexes with several molecules including SLP-76; and a sequential protein kinase cascade is initiated, consisting of MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAP3K), MAP kinase kinase (MAPKK), and MAP kinase (MAPK) [6]. Two MAPK kinases, MKK4 and MKK7, have been reported to be the primary activators of JNK. MKK3, MKK4, and MKK6 are activators of P38 MAP kinase [7]. MAP kinase pathways are major pathways induced by TCR stimulation, and they play a key role in T-cell responses.

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) binds to the cytosolic domain of CD28, leading to conversion of PIP2 to PIP3, activation of PKB (Akt) and phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1), and subsequent signaling transduction [8].

 

References

[1] Kawai T, Akira S. The role of pattern-recognition receptors in innate immunity: update on Toll-like receptors[J]. Nature immunology, 2010, 11(5): 373-384.

[2] Kawai T, Akira S. Toll-like receptors and their crosstalk with other innate receptors in infection and immunity[J]. Immunity, 2011, 34(5): 637-650.

[3] Packard T A, Cambier J C. B lymphocyte antigen receptor signaling: initiation, amplification, and regulation[J]. F1000Prime Rep, 2013, 5(40.10): 12703.

[4] Zhong Y, Byrd J C, Dubovsky J A. The B-cell receptor pathway: a critical component of healthy and malignant immune biology[C]//Seminars in hematology. WB Saunders, 2014, 51(3): 206-218.

[5] Baba Y, Matsumoto M, Kurosaki T. Calcium signaling in B cells: regulation of cytosolic Ca 2+ increase and its sensor molecules, STIM1 and STIM2[J]. Molecular immunology, 2014, 62(2): 339-343.

[6] Adachi K, Davis M M. T-cell receptor ligation induces distinct signaling pathways in naive vs. antigen-experienced T cells[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2011, 108(4): 1549-1554.

[7] Rincón M, Flavell R A, Davis R A. The Jnk and P38 MAP kinase signaling pathways in T cell–mediated immune responses[J]. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 2000, 28(9): 1328-1337.

[8] Bashour K T, Gondarenko A, Chen H, et al. CD28 and CD3 have complementary roles in T-cell traction forces[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2014, 111(6): 2241-2246.

Targets for  Immunology/Inflammation

Products for  Immunology/Inflammation

  1. Cat.No. Product Name Information
  2. GC19910 2,2',4,4'-Tetrabromodiphenyl Ether

    BDE-47

     2,2',4,4'-Tetrabromodiphenyl Ether  Chemical Structure
  3. GC19941 DL-Leucic Acid  DL-Leucic Acid  Chemical Structure
  4. GC50569 NLRP3-IN-2

    NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor

     NLRP3-IN-2  Chemical Structure
  5. GC45194 α-(difluoromethyl)-DL-Arginine

    DFMA, RMI 71897

    Bacteria synthesize the cellular growth factor putrescine through a number of pathways.

    α-(difluoromethyl)-DL-Arginine  Chemical Structure
  6. GC65446 α-Amyrin acetate α-Amyrin acetate, a natural triterpenoid, has anti-inflammatory activity, antispasmodic profile and the relaxant effect. α-Amyrin acetate  Chemical Structure
  7. GC45200 α-CGRP (rat) (trifluoroacetate salt)

    Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide-1 (rat), α-Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (rat), CGRP-1 (rat)

    α-Calcitonin gene-related peptide (α-CGRP) is a neuropeptide with roles in vasodilation, cardiovascular regulation, and inflammation. α-CGRP (rat) (trifluoroacetate salt)  Chemical Structure
  8. GC49838 α-Cortolone

    20α-Cortolone, NSC 59872

    A metabolite of cortisol α-Cortolone  Chemical Structure
  9. GC48279 α-D-Glucose-1-phosphate (sodium salt hydrate)

    α-D-Glc 1-P

    An intermediate in glycogen metabolism α-D-Glucose-1-phosphate (sodium salt hydrate)  Chemical Structure
  10. GC52253 α-Enolase (1-19)-biotin Peptide

    Enolase-1 (1-19)-biotin

    A biotinylated α-enolase peptide α-Enolase (1-19)-biotin Peptide  Chemical Structure
  11. GC45206 α-GalCer analog 8

    α-Galactosylceramide analog 8

    α-Galactosylceramide analog 8 (α-GalCer analog 8) is a triazole derivative of α-galactosylceramide.

    α-GalCer analog 8  Chemical Structure
  12. GC40262 α-Humulene

    αCaryophyllene, (±)-αHumulene

    α-Humulene is a sesquiterpene that has been found in C. α-Humulene  Chemical Structure
  13. GC45601 α-Linolenic Acid ethyl ester-d5

    ALAEE-d5, Ethyl α-Linolenate-d5, Ethyl Linolenate-d5, LAEE-d5, Linolenic Acid ethyl ester-d5

      α-Linolenic Acid ethyl ester-d5  Chemical Structure
  14. GC48292 α-MSH (human, mouse, rat, porcine, bovine, ovine) (trifluoroacetate salt)

    α-Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone, Ac-SYSMEHFRWGKPV-NH2

    α-MSH (α-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone) TFA, an endogenous neuropeptide, is an endogenous melanocortin receptor 4 (MC4R) agonist with anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities. α-MSH (human, mouse, rat, porcine, bovine, ovine) (trifluoroacetate salt)  Chemical Structure
  15. GC41499 α-Phellandrene

    p-Mentha-1,5-diene, (±)-α-Phellandrene

    α-Phellandrene is a cyclic monoterpene that has been found in various plants, including Cannabis, and has diverse biological activities. α-Phellandrene  Chemical Structure
  16. GC63941 α-Solanine α-solanine, a bioactive component and one of the major steroidal glycoalkaloids in potatoes, has been observed to inhibit growth and induce apoptosis in cancer cells. α-Solanine  Chemical Structure
  17. GC67618 α-Tocopherol phosphate disodium

    alpha-Tocopherol phosphate disodium; TocP disodium; Vitamin E phosphate disodium

    α-Tocopherol phosphate (alpha-Tocopherol phosphate) disodium, a promising antioxidant, can protect against long-wave UVA1 induced cell death and scavenge UVA1 induced ROS in a skin cell model. α-Tocopherol phosphate disodium possesses therapeutic potential in the inhibition of apoptosis and increases the migratory capacity of endothelial progenitor cells under high-glucose/hypoxic conditions and promotes angiogenesis. α-Tocopherol phosphate disodium  Chemical Structure
  18. GC70953 α7 nAchR-JAK2-STAT3 agonist 1 α7 nAchR-JAK2-STAT3 agonist 1 is a potent α7 nAchR-JAK2-STAT3 agonist, with an IC50 value of 0.32 μM for nitric oxide (NO). α7 nAchR-JAK2-STAT3 agonist 1  Chemical Structure
  19. GC49467 β-Aescin A triterpenoid saponin with diverse biological activities β-Aescin  Chemical Structure
  20. GC70787 β-Aminoarteether β-Aminoarteether (SM934 free base) is an Artemisinin derivative with orally active. β-Aminoarteether  Chemical Structure
  21. GC37999 β-Anhydroicaritin β-Anhydroicaritin is isolated from Boswellia carterii Birdware, has important biological and pharmacological effects, such as antiosteoporosis, estrogen regulation and antitumor properties. β-Anhydroicaritin  Chemical Structure
  22. GC45225 β-Apooxytetracycline

    β-Apo-Oxytetracycline, β-Apoterramycin

    β-Apooxytetracycline is a potential impurity found in commercial preparations of oxytetracycline. β-Apooxytetracycline  Chemical Structure
  23. GC45226 β-BHC

    β-HCH, β-Hexachlorocyclohexane, β-Lindane

    β-BHC is an isomer of the organochlorine pesticide γ-lindane that is a potential impurity found in commercial preparations of lindane. β-BHC  Chemical Structure
  24. GC48920 β-Carboline-1-carboxylic Acid

    1-Formic Acid-β-carboline

    An alkaloid with diverse biological activities β-Carboline-1-carboxylic Acid  Chemical Structure
  25. GC90496 β-Cortolone

    A metabolite of cortisol

    β-Cortolone  Chemical Structure
  26. GC66870 β-D-Glucan β-D-glucan is a natural non-digestible polysaccharide and high biocompatibility that can be selectively recognized by recognition receptors such as Dectin-1 and Toll-like receptors as well as being easily internalized by murine or human macrophages, which is likely to attribute to a target delivery. β-d-glucan is an enteric delivery vehicle for probiotics. β-D-Glucan  Chemical Structure
  27. GC48998 β-Defensin-1 (human) (trifluoroacetate salt)

    hBD-1

    An antimicrobial peptide β-Defensin-1 (human) (trifluoroacetate salt)  Chemical Structure
  28. GC48298 β-Defensin-2 (human) (trifluoroacetate salt)

    hBD-2

    An antimicrobial peptide β-Defensin-2 (human) (trifluoroacetate salt)  Chemical Structure
  29. GC45230 β-Defensin-3 (human) (trifluoroacetate salt)

    hBD-3

    β-Defensin-3 is a peptide with antimicrobial properties that protects the skin and mucosal membranes of the respiratory, genitourinary, and gastrointestinal tracts. β-Defensin-3 (human) (trifluoroacetate salt)  Chemical Structure
  30. GC45231 β-Defensin-4 (human) (trifluoroacetate salt)

    hBD-4 (human)

    β-Defensin-4 is a peptide with antimicrobial properties that protects the skin and mucosal membranes of the respiratory, genitourinary, and gastrointestinal tracts. β-Defensin-4 (human) (trifluoroacetate salt)  Chemical Structure
  31. GC41623 β-Elemonic Acid

    Elemadienonic Acid, 3-Oxotirucallenoic Acid, 3-oxo Tirucallic Acid

    β-Elemonic acid is a triterpene isolated from Boswellia (Burseraceae) that exhibits anticancer activity. β-Elemonic Acid  Chemical Structure
  32. GC49769 β-Glucogallin

    1-O-Galloyl-β-D-glucose

    A plant metabolite and an aldose reductase 2 inhibitor β-Glucogallin  Chemical Structure
  33. GC64619 β-Ionone β-Ionone is effective in the induction of apoptosis in gastric adenocarcinoma SGC7901 cells. Anti-cancer activity. β-Ionone  Chemical Structure
  34. GC41502 β-Myrcene

    NSC 406264

    β-Myrcene is a terpene that has been found in Cannabis and has antioxidative properties. β-Myrcene  Chemical Structure
  35. GC72061 β-Phellandrene β-Phellandrene is obtained from Carum petroselinum. β-Phellandrene  Chemical Structure
  36. GC45604 β-Rubromycin β-Rubromycin is a potent and selective inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) RNA-directed DNA polymeras (reverse transcriptase). β-Rubromycin  Chemical Structure
  37. GC52400 γ-Glu-Ala (trifluoroacetate salt)

    γ-Glutamylalanine, γ-L-Glutamyl-L-alanine

    A dipeptide γ-Glu-Ala (trifluoroacetate salt)  Chemical Structure
  38. GC48312 γ-Glu-Cys (ammonium salt)

    γ-Glutamylcysteine

    An intermediate in GSH synthesis γ-Glu-Cys (ammonium salt)  Chemical Structure
  39. GC45238 δ14-Triamcinolone acetonide

    14,15-dehydro Triamcinolone acetonide, Triamcinolone acetonide Impurity B

    δ14-Triamcinolone acetonide is a potential impurity found in commercial preparations of triamcinolone acetonide. δ14-Triamcinolone acetonide  Chemical Structure
  40. GC40635 δ2-Avermectin B1a δ2-Avermectin B1a is a degradation product formed by the reversible base-catalyzed isomerization of ivermectin B1a. δ2-Avermectin B1a  Chemical Structure
  41. GC40307 δ2-cis-Hexadecenoic Acid One of the first organisms in which quorum sensing was observed were Myxobacteria, a group of gram-negative bacteria, found mainly in soil and also common to marine and freshwater systems. δ2-cis-Hexadecenoic Acid  Chemical Structure
  42. GC41393 ω-3 Arachidonic Acid methyl ester ω-3 Fatty acids, represented primarily by docosahexaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and α-linoleate, are essential dietary nutrients required for normal growth and development. ω-3 Arachidonic Acid methyl ester  Chemical Structure
  43. GC41262 (±)-α-CMBHC Vitamin E is a well known antioxidant that exists in eight natural forms: four tocopherols (α, β, δ, and γ) and four tocotrienols (α, β, δ, and γ). (±)-α-CMBHC  Chemical Structure
  44. GC41617 (±)-α-Tocopherol

    all-rac-α-Tocopherol, DL-α-Tocopherol

    (±)-α-Tocopherol is a synthetic vitamin E, with antioxidation effect. (±)-α-Tocopherol  Chemical Structure
  45. GC45713 (±)-α-Tocopherol Acetate

    all-rac-α-Tocopherol Acetate, DL-α-Tocopherol Acetate, DL-Vitamin E acetate

    (±)-α-Tocopherol Acetate ((±)-Vitamin E acetate), is a orally active synthetic form of vitamin E. (±)-α-Tocopherol Acetate  Chemical Structure
  46. GC46313 (±)-α-Tocopherol Acetate-d3

    all-rac-α-Tocopherol Acetate-d3, DL-α-Tocopherol Acetate-d3, DL-Vitamin E Acetate-d3

    A neuropeptide with diverse biological activities (±)-α-Tocopherol Acetate-d3  Chemical Structure
  47. GC67191 (±)-α-Tocopherol nicotinate (±)-α-Tocopherol nicotinate, vitamin E - nicotinate, is an orally active fat-soluble antioxidant that prevents lipid peroxidation in cell membranes. (±)-α-Tocopherol nicotinate is hydrolysed in the blood to α -tocopherol and niacin and may be used in studies of related vascular diseases. (±)-α-Tocopherol nicotinate  Chemical Structure
  48. GC52010 (±)-10-hydroxy-12(Z),15(Z)-Octadecadienoic Acid

    αHYA, (±)-10-hydroxy-12(Z),15(Z)-ODE

    An oxylipin gut microbiota metabolite (±)-10-hydroxy-12(Z),15(Z)-Octadecadienoic Acid  Chemical Structure
  49. GC52013 (±)-10-hydroxy-12(Z)-Octadecenoic Acid

    10-hydroxy-cis-12-Octadecenoic Acid

    An oxylipin and metabolite of linoleic acid (±)-10-hydroxy-12(Z)-Octadecenoic Acid  Chemical Structure
  50. GC52421 (±)-10-hydroxy-12(Z)-Octadecenoic Acid-d5

    10-hydroxy-cis-12-Octadecenoic Acid-d5

    An internal standard for the quantification of (±)-10-hydroxy-12(Z)-octadecenoic acid (±)-10-hydroxy-12(Z)-Octadecenoic Acid-d5  Chemical Structure
  51. GC45277 (±)-Camphene

    DL-Camphene, NSC 4165

      (±)-Camphene  Chemical Structure
  52. GC40112 (±)-Climbazole-d4 (±)-Climbazole-d4 is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of climbazole by GC- or LC-MS. (±)-Climbazole-d4  Chemical Structure
  53. GC91298 (±)-Linalool-d3

    An internal standard for the quantification of (±)-linalool

    (±)-Linalool-d3  Chemical Structure
  54. GC50708 (±)-ML 209 An RORγt antagonist (±)-ML 209  Chemical Structure
  55. GC39271 (±)-Naringenin

    SDihydrogenistein, NSC 11855, NSC 34875, Salipurol

    A citrusderived flavonoid (±)-Naringenin  Chemical Structure
  56. GC90022 (±)-Norepinephrine-d6 (hydrochloride)

    An internal standard for the quantification of norepinephrine

    (±)-Norepinephrine-d6 (hydrochloride)  Chemical Structure
  57. GC41212 (±)10(11)-EpDPA

    (±)10,11-EDP, (±)10,11-EpDPE, (±)10,11-epoxy DPA, (±)10,11-epoxy Docosapentaenoic Acid

    Cytochrome P450 metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids produces numerous bioactive epoxide regioisomers. (±)10(11)-EpDPA  Chemical Structure
  58. GC40466 (±)11(12)-EET

    (±)11,12-EpETrE

    (±)11(12)-EET is a fully racemic version of the R/S enantiomeric forms biosynthesized from arachidonic acid by cytochrome P450 enzymes.

    (±)11(12)-EET  Chemical Structure
  59. GC45922 (±)11(12)-EET-d11 methyl ester

    (±)11,12-EpETrE-d11 methyl ester

    A neuropeptide with diverse biological activities (±)11(12)-EET-d11 methyl ester  Chemical Structure
  60. GC40467 (±)11-HETE

    (±)11-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acid

    (±)11-HETE is one of the six monohydroxy fatty acids produced by the non-enzymatic oxidation of arachidonic acid. (±)11-HETE  Chemical Structure
  61. GC40802 (±)12(13)-DiHOME

    Isoleukotoxin diol

    (±)12(13)-DiHOME is the diol form of (±)12(13)-EpOME, a cytochrome P450-derived epoxide of linoleic acid also known as isoleukotoxin.

    (±)12(13)-DiHOME  Chemical Structure
  62. GC46256 (±)12(13)-DiHOME-d4

    Isoleukotoxin diold4

    A neuropeptide with diverse biological activities (±)12(13)-DiHOME-d4  Chemical Structure
  63. GC41191 (±)13(14)-EpDPA

    (±)13,14-EDP, (±)13,14-EpDPE, (±)13,14-epoxy DPA, (±)13,14-epoxy Docosapentaenoic Acid

    Cytochrome P450 metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids produces numerous bioactive epoxide regioisomers. (±)13(14)-EpDPA  Chemical Structure
  64. GC40355 (±)13-HpODE

    13-Hydroperoxylinoleic acid; Linoleic acid 13-hydroperoxide

    (±)13-HpODE is a racemic mixture of hydroperoxides derived non-enzymatically from linoleic acid through the action of reactive oxygen species.

    (±)13-HpODE  Chemical Structure
  65. GC41288 (±)17(18)-EpETE-Ethanolamide

    17,18-EEQ-EA, (±)17,18-EEQ-Ethanolamide, (±)17(18)-EpETE-EA, 17,18-epoxy-Eicosatetraenoic Acid Ethanolamide

    (±)17(18)-EpETE-Ethanolamide is an ω-3 endocannabinoid epoxide. (±)17(18)-EpETE-Ethanolamide  Chemical Structure
  66. GC40362 (±)18-HEPE (±)18-HEPE is produced by non-enzymatic oxidation of EPA. (±)18-HEPE  Chemical Structure
  67. GC41655 (±)19(20)-EDP Ethanolamide

    19,20-DHEA epoxide, 19,20-epoxy Docosapentaenoic Acid Ethanolamide, 19,20-EDP-EA, 19,20-EDP epoxide

    (±)19(20)-EDP ethanolamide is an ω-3 endocannabinoid epoxide and cannabinoid (CB) receptor agonist (EC50s = 108 and 280 nM for CB1 and CB2, respectively). (±)19(20)-EDP Ethanolamide  Chemical Structure
  68. GC40270 (±)5(6)-DiHET

    (±)5,6-DiHETrE

    5(6)-DiHET is a fully racemic version of the enantiomeric forms biosynthesized from 5(6)-EET by epoxide hydrolases.

    (±)5(6)-DiHET  Chemical Structure
  69. GC41203 (±)7(8)-EpDPA

    (±)7,8-EDP, (±)7,8-EpDPE, (±)7,8-epoxy DPA, (±)7,8-epoxy Docosapentaenoic Acid

    Docosahexaenoic acid is the most abundant ω-3 fatty acid in neural tissues, especially in the brain and retina. (±)7(8)-EpDPA  Chemical Structure
  70. GC40440 (±)8(9)-EET

    (±)8,9EpETrE

    (±)8(9)-EET is a fully racemic version of the R/S enantiomeric forms biosynthesized from arachidonic acid. (±)8(9)-EET  Chemical Structure
  71. GC40838 (±)8(9)-EET methyl ester

    (±)8,9EpETrE methyl ester

    (±)8(9)-EET is biosynthesized in rat and rabbit liver microsomes by CYP450. (±)8(9)-EET methyl ester  Chemical Structure
  72. GC46264 (±)8(9)-EET-d11

    (±)8,9-EET-d11, (±)8,9-EpETrE-d11

    A neuropeptide with diverse biological activities (±)8(9)-EET-d11  Chemical Structure
  73. GC45921 (±)8(9)-EET-d11 methyl ester

    (±)8,9-EpETrE-d11 methyl ester

    A neuropeptide with diverse biological activities (±)8(9)-EET-d11 methyl ester  Chemical Structure
  74. GC40801 (±)9(10)-DiHOME

    Leukotoxin diol

    Leukotoxin is the 9(10) epoxide of linoleic acid, generated by neutrophils during the oxidative burst. (±)9(10)-DiHOME  Chemical Structure
  75. GC40540 (±)9(10)-EpOME

    Coronaric Acid, (±)9,10EODE, Leukotoxin

    (±)9(10)-EpOME is the 9,10-cis epoxide of linoleic acid, generated by neutrophils during the oxidative burst. (±)9(10)-EpOME  Chemical Structure
  76. GC46000 (•)-Drimenol

    NSC 169775

    A sesquiterpene alcohol (•)-Drimenol  Chemical Structure
  77. GC40809 (+)-β-Citronellol

    (R)-Citronellol, (+)-Citronellol, (+)-(R)-Citronellol, (R)-(+)-β-Citronellol

    (+)-β-Citronellol (D-Citronellol) is an alcoholic monoterpene found in geranium essential oil. (+)-β-Citronellol  Chemical Structure
  78. GC49268 (+)-δ-Cadinene A sesquiterpene with antimicrobial and anticancer activities (+)-δ-Cadinene  Chemical Structure
  79. GC41346 (+)-Cedrol (+)-Cedrol is a sesquiterpene alcohol that has been used in Cannabis testing and has diverse biological activities. (+)-Cedrol  Chemical Structure
  80. GC45263 (+)-D-threo-PDMP (hydrochloride)

    D-PDMP

    (+)-D-threo-PDMP is a ceramide analog and is one of the four possible stereoisomers of PDMP. (+)-D-threo-PDMP (hydrochloride)  Chemical Structure
  81. GC31691 (+)-DHMEQ

    (1R,2R,6R)-Dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin; (1R,2R,6R)-DHMEQ

    (+)-DHMEQ is an activator of antioxidant transcription factor Nrf2. (+)-DHMEQ  Chemical Structure
  82. GC74247 (+)-Glaucarubinone (+)-Glaucarubinone is a potent AP-1 (activator protein-1) inhibitor with an EC50 value of 0.13 µM. (+)-Glaucarubinone  Chemical Structure
  83. GC45266 (+)-Macrosphelide A (+)-Macrosphelide A is a fungal metabolite originally isolated from Microsphaeropsis. (+)-Macrosphelide A  Chemical Structure
  84. GC40266 (+)-Praeruptorin A (+)-Praeruptorin A is a coumarin derivative originally isolated from P. (+)-Praeruptorin A  Chemical Structure
  85. GC18749 (+)-Rugulosin

    NSC 160880, NSC 249990, Rugulosin A

    (+)-Rugulosin is a pigment and mycotoxin produced by certain fungi. (+)-Rugulosin  Chemical Structure
  86. GC63969 (+)-Schisandrin B (+)-Schisandrin B is an enantiomer of Schisandrin B. (+)-Schisandrin B  Chemical Structure
  87. GC40264 (+)-Valencene

    NSC 148969

    (+)-Valencene is a sesquiterpene that has been found in C.

    (+)-Valencene  Chemical Structure
  88. GC49502 (-)-β-Sesquiphellandrene A sesquiterpene with antiviral and anticancer activities (-)-β-Sesquiphellandrene  Chemical Structure
  89. GC32705 (-)-DHMEQ (Dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin)

    Dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin

    (-)-DHMEQ (Dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin) (Dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin) is a potent, selective and irreversible NF-κB inhibitor that covalently binds to a cysteine residue. (-)-DHMEQ (Dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin)  Chemical Structure
  90. GC14049 (-)-Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)

    EGCG

    (-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate sulfate (EGCG) is a major polyphenol in green tea that inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis. (-)-Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)  Chemical Structure
  91. GC40218 (-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate-d3/d4

    EGCG-d3/d4

    (-)-Epigallocatechin gallate-d3/d4 is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate by GC- or LC-MS. (-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate-d3/d4  Chemical Structure
  92. GC45248 (-)-FINO2 (-)-FINO2 is a ferroptosis-inducing peroxide compound that indirectly inhibits glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and oxidizes iron. (-)-FINO2  Chemical Structure
  93. GC46245 (-)-G-Lactone A bicyclic γ-lactone (-)-G-Lactone  Chemical Structure
  94. GC38316 (-)-Limonene

    (±)-Dipentene, DL-Limonene, NSC 844, NSC 21446

    (-)-Limonene ((S)-(-)-Limonene) is a monoterpene found in many pine-needle oils and in turpentine. (-)-Limonene  Chemical Structure
  95. GC46247 (-)-Mycousnine

    Mycousunin

    A microbial metabolite with antibacterial and antifungal activities (-)-Mycousnine  Chemical Structure
  96. GC45251 (-)-Neplanocin A S-Adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) hydrolase catalyzes the reversible hydrolysis of SAH to adenosine and homocysteine. (-)-Neplanocin A  Chemical Structure
  97. GC90533 (-)-Pinoresinol

    A lignan with diverse biological activities

    (-)-Pinoresinol  Chemical Structure
  98. GC45272 (-)-Rasfonin

    TT-1

      (-)-Rasfonin  Chemical Structure
  99. GC40803 (25S)-δ7-Dafachronic Acid

    UPF1404

    During unfavorable environmental conditions, C. (25S)-δ7-Dafachronic Acid  Chemical Structure
  100. GC41697 (Ala1)-PAR4 (1-6) amide (mouse) (trifluoroacetate salt)

    AY-NH2, AYPGKF-NH2, H-Ala-Tyr-Pro-Gly-Lys-Phe-NH2, PAR4-AP, Proteinase-Activated Receptor 4 Activating Peptide

    (Ala1)-PAR4 (1-6) amide (mouse) is a peptide agonist of proteinase-activated receptor 4 (PAR4) that induces aggregation of rat and human platelets in vitro (EC50s = 15 and 60 μM, respectively). (Ala1)-PAR4 (1-6) amide (mouse) (trifluoroacetate salt)  Chemical Structure
  101. GC52442 (D)-PPA 1 (trifluoroacetate salt)

    DPPA-1, NYSKPTDRQYHF

    An inhibitor of the PD-1-PD-L1 protein-protein interaction (D)-PPA 1 (trifluoroacetate salt)  Chemical Structure

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