D-chiro-Inositol |
| Catalog No.: GC35819 |
D-chiro-Inositol is an epimer of myo-inositol found in certain mammalian glycosylphosphatidylinositol protein anchors and inositol phosphoglycans possessing insulin-like bioactivity.
Sample solution is provided at 25 µL, 10mM.
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Quality Control & SDS
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Purity: >98.00%
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- Datasheet
D-chiro-Inositol is an epimer of myo-inositol found in certain mammalian glycosylphosphatidylinositol protein anchors and inositol phosphoglycans possessing insulin-like bioactivity. D-chiro-Inositol is used clinically for the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and diabetes mellitus, which can reduce hyperglycemia and ameliorate insulin resistance[1][2][3].
[1]. Ostlund RE Jr, et al. A stereospecific myo-inositol/D-chiro-inositol transporter in HepG2 liver cells. Identification with D-chiro-[3-3H]inositol. J Biol Chem. 1996 Apr 26;271(17):10073-8. [2]. Zhao SS, et al. D-chiro-inositol effectively attenuates cholestasis in bile duct ligated rats by improving bile acidsecretion and attenuating oxidative stress. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2018 Feb;39(2):213-221. [3]. Cheng F, et al. chiro-Inositol Ameliorates High Fat Diet-Induced Hepatic Steatosis and Insulin Resistance viaPKCε-PI3K/AKT Pathway. J Agric Food Chem. 2019 May 29;67(21):5957-5967.
| Cas No. | 643-12-9 | SDF | |
| Canonical SMILES | O[C@H]1[C@@H]([C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]1O)O)O)O)O | ||
| Formula | C6H12O6 | M.Wt | 180.16 |
| Solubility | Water: 75 mg/mL (416.30 mM) | Storage | Store at -20°C |
| General tips | For obtaining a higher solubility , please warm the tube at 37 ℃ and shake it in the ultrasonic bath for a while.Stock solution can be stored below -20℃ for several months. | ||
| Shipping Condition | Evaluation sample solution : ship with blue ice All other available size: ship with RT , or blue ice upon request |
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From Myo-inositol to D-chiro-Inositol molecular pathways
Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2021 Mar;25(5):2390-2402.PMID:33755975DOI:10.26355/eurrev_202103_25279.
Objective: Inositol is a carbocyclic sugar polyalcohol. By epimerization of its hydroxyl groups, nine possible stereoisomers can be generated, two of major physiological and clinical relevance: myo-inositol and D-chiro-Inositol. Myo-inositol and D-chiro-Inositol are normally stored in kidney, brain and liver and are necessary for functions, such as signal transduction, metabolic flux, insulin signaling, regulation of ion-channel permeability, stress response and embryo development. In this narrative review, we summarize the mechanisms by which myo-inositol and D-chiro-Inositol can be synthesized and absorbed and their possible role in the etiopathogenesis of neural tube defects. Materials and methods: We performed an online search in the PubMed database using the following keywords: "inositol", "D-chiro-Inositol", "myo-inositol", "neural tube defects and inositol". Results: Inositol requirements are partly met by dietary intake, while the rest is synthesized endogenously. Inositol deficiency may be involved in the pathogenesis of diseases, such as metabolic syndrome, spina bifida (a neural tube defect), polycystic ovary syndrome and diabetes. Supplementation of the two inositol stereoisomers, D-chiro-Inositol and myo-inositol is important to prevent these conditions. Conclusions: Inositol is fundamental for signal transduction in the brain, kidneys, reproductive organs and other tissues in response to neurotransmitters, hormones and growth factors. Various genes are involved in inositol metabolism and associated pathways. Altered inositol concentrations are observed in several diseases. Analysis of the genes involved in inositol metabolism may provide important information for the clinical management of these conditions.
The use of D-chiro-Inositol in clinical practice
Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2021 Jan;25(1):438-446.PMID:33506934DOI:10.26355/eurrev_202101_24412.
Objective: D-chiro-Inositol has been widely used in clinical practice to induce ovulation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Only recent evidence established that this molecule acts through two different mechanisms, with potentially different outcomes. On the one hand, under a metabolic perspective, D-chiro-Inositol improves insulin signaling, thus restoring physiological insulin levels in resistant subjects. On the other hand, at a cellular level, it downregulates the expression of steroidogenic enzyme aromatase, which is responsible for the conversion of androgens to estrogens. Materials and methods: We reviewed current literature in different databases, searching for D-chiro-Inositol in relation with one of the following keywords: myo-inositol, PCOS, infertility, insulin resistance, aromatase, androgen and inositol, testosterone, estrogen and inositol, estradiol, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, fat tissue, estrogens and cancer, anovulation, uterine myoma, endometriosis, endometrial hyperplasia. Results: D-chiro-Inositol treatment may be helpful in restoring physiological hormonal levels in various clinical disorders. However, D-chiro-Inositol intervention should be carefully designed to avoid possible undesired side effects stemming from its multiple mechanisms of action. Conclusions: We evaluated the optimal D Chiro-Inositol administration for different pathologies, defining dosages and timing. Even though further studies are required to validate our preliminary results, this paper is primarily intended to guide researchers through some of the pathways of D-chiro-Inositol.
D-chiro-Inositol and PCOS: between myth and reality. The never-ending story
Int J Food Sci Nutr 2022 Aug;73(5):565-570.PMID:35057707DOI:10.1080/09637486.2022.2029830.
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common disorders among women of reproductive age and can be diagnosed when at least two of the following criteria are present: chronic ovulatory disorder, clinical and/or biochemical hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovaries. Diet and lifestyle modifications are the main therapeutic intervention and they can fully restore ovary function and avoid PCOS consequences in a certain number of patients. However, prescription of medications or dietary supplements is often needed. The literature has confirmed the significant role of inositol therapy in PCOS, with particular reference to Myo-inositol and D-chiro-Inositol. The aim of this review is to clarify the use of inositols for the treatment of PCOS and the recent scientific theories about D-chiro-Inositol properties as an ovarian aromatase inhibitor.
Myo-inositol vs. D-chiro inositol in PCOS treatment
Minerva Ginecol 2015 Aug;67(4):321-5.PMID:25670222doi
Aim: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder in women in fertile age. It is an endocrine and metabolic disorder characterized by oligo-anovulation, hyperandrogenism and insulin-resistance. Various therapeutic approaches have been attempted in PCOS, including diet and the use of pharmacological agents such as oral contraceptives (OCs) or anti-androgens. Recently, the introduction of inositol in the treatment plan has proved to be as reasonable as useful in countering the endocrine-metabolic disorders of this syndrome. Methods: The aim of our study was to compare the clinical, endocrine and metabolic response after 6 months of therapy in 137 PCOS women characterized by oligomenorrhea and/or acne and/or mild hirsutism and insulin-resistance. The patients were treated with myo-inositol or with D-chiro-Inositol or with placebo. Results: Our study showed that both myo-inositol (MI-PG) and D-chiro inositol (DCI-PG) treatments are able to significantly improve the regularity of the menstrual cycle, the Acne Score, the endocrine and metabolic parameters and the insulin-resistence in young, overweight, PCOS patients. Conclusion: Definitely, we assumed that both treatments with myo-inositol and with D-chiro inositol could be proposed as a potential valid therapeutic approach for the treatment of patients with PCOS. Additionally, further examination and for a longer period of treatment are needed.
Insulin-sensitising drugs (metformin, rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, D-chiro-Inositol) for women with polycystic ovary syndrome, oligo amenorrhoea and subfertility
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017 Nov 29;11(11):CD003053.PMID:29183107DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD003053.pub6.
Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is characterised by infrequent or absent ovulation, and high levels of androgens and insulin (hyperinsulinaemia). Hyperinsulinaemia occurs secondary to insulin resistance and is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus. Insulin-sensitising agents such as metformin may be effective in treating PCOS-related anovulation. Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of insulin-sensitising drugs in improving reproductive and metabolic outcomes for women with PCOS undergoing ovulation induction. Search methods: We searched the following databases from inception to January 2017: Cochrane Gynaecology and Fertility Group Specialised Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO and CINAHL. We searched registers of ongoing trials and reference lists from relevant studies. Selection criteria: We included randomised controlled trials of insulin-sensitising drugs compared with placebo, no treatment, or an ovulation-induction agent for women with oligo and anovulatory PCOS. Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently assessed studies for eligibility and bias. Primary outcomes were live birth rate and gastrointestinal adverse effects. Secondary outcomes included other pregnancy outcomes, menstrual frequency and metabolic effects. We combined data to calculate pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We assessed statistical heterogeneity using the I2 statistic and reported quality of the evidence for primary outcomes using GRADE methodology. Main results: We assessed the interventions metformin, clomiphene citrate, metformin plus clomiphene citrate, D-chiro-Inositol, rosiglitazone and pioglitazone. We compared these with each other, placebo or no treatment. We included 48 studies (4451 women), 42 of which investigated metformin (4024 women). Evidence quality ranged from very low to moderate. Limitations were risk of bias (poor reporting of methodology and incomplete outcome data), imprecision and inconsistency. Metformin versus placebo or no treatmentThe evidence suggests that metformin may improve live birth rates compared with placebo (OR 1.59, 95% CI 1.00 to 2.51, 4 studies, 435 women, I2 = 0%, low-quality evidence). The metformin group experienced more gastrointestinal side effects (OR 4.76, 95% CI 3.06 to 7.41, 7 studies, 670 women, I2 = 61%, moderate-quality evidence) but had higher rates of clinical pregnancy (OR 1.93, 95% CI 1.42 to 2.64, 9 studies, 1027 women, I2 = 43%, moderate-quality evidence), ovulation (OR 2.55, 95% CI 1.81 to 3.59, 14 studies, 701 women, I2 = 58%, moderate-quality evidence) and menstrual frequency (OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.14 to 2.61, 7 studies, 427 women, I2 = 54%, low-quality evidence). There was no clear evidence of a difference in miscarriage rates (OR 1.08, 95% CI 0.50 to 2.35, 4 studies, 748 women, I2 = 0%, low-quality evidence). Metformin plus clomiphene citrate versus clomiphene citrate alone There was no conclusive evidence of a difference between the groups in live birth rates (OR 1.21, 95% CI 0.92 to 1.59, 9 studies, 1079 women, I2 = 20%, low-quality evidence), but gastrointestinal side effects were more common with combined therapy (OR 3.97, 95% CI 2.59 to 6.08, 3 studies, 591 women, I2 = 47%, moderate-quality evidence). However, the combined therapy group had higher rates of clinical pregnancy (OR 1.59, 95% CI 1.27 to 1.99, 16 studies, 1529 women, I2 = 33%, moderate-quality evidence) and ovulation (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.28 to 1.92, 21 studies, 1624 women, I2 = 64%, moderate-quality evidence). There was a statistically significant difference in miscarriage rate per woman, with higher rates in the combined therapy group (OR 1.59, 95% CI 1.03 to 2.46, 9 studies, 1096 women, I2 = 0%, low-quality evidence) but this is of uncertain clinical significance due to low-quality evidence, and no clear difference between groups when we analysed miscarriage per pregnancy (OR 1.30, 95% CI 0.80 to 2.12, 8 studies; 400 pregnancies, I2 = 0%, low-quality evidence). Metformin versus clomiphene citrateWhen all studies were combined, findings for live birth were inconclusive and inconsistent (OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.49 to 1.01, 5 studies, 741 women, I2 = 86%, very low-quality evidence). In subgroup analysis by obesity status, obese women had a lower birth rate in the metformin group (OR 0.30, 95% CI 0.17 to 0.52, 2 studies, 500 women, I2 = 0%, very low-quality evidence), while data from the non-obese group showed a possible benefit from metformin, with high heterogeneity (OR 1.71, 95% CI 1.00 to 2.94, 3 studies, 241 women, I2 = 78%, very low-quality evidence). Similarly, among obese women taking metformin there were lower rates of clinical pregnancy (OR 0.34, 95% CI 0.21 to 0.55, 2 studies, 500 women, I2 = 0%, very low-quality evidence) and ovulation (OR 0.29, 95% CI 0.20 to 0.43 2 studies, 500 women, I2 = 0%, low-quality evidence) while among non-obese women, the metformin group had more pregnancies (OR 1.56, 95% CI 1.05 to 2.33, 5 studies, 490 women, I2 = 41%, very low-quality evidence) and no clear difference in ovulation rates (OR 0.81, 95% CI 0.51 to 1.28, 4 studies, 312 women, low-quality evidence, I2=0%). There was no clear evidence of a difference in miscarriage rates (overall: OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.50 to 1.67, 5 studies, 741 women, I2 = 52%, very low-quality evidence). D-chiro-Inositol (2 studies), rosiglitazone (1 study) or pioglitazone (1 study) versus placebo or no treatmentWe were unable to draw conclusions regarding other insulin-sensitising drugs as no studies reported primary outcomes. Authors' conclusions: Our updated review suggests that metformin alone may be beneficial over placebo for live birth, although the evidence quality was low. When metformin was compared with clomiphene citrate, data for live birth were inconclusive, and our findings were limited by lack of evidence. Results differed by body mass index (BMI), emphasising the importance of stratifying results by BMI. An improvement in clinical pregnancy and ovulation suggests that clomiphene citrate remains preferable to metformin for ovulation induction in obese women with PCOS.An improved clinical pregnancy and ovulation rate with metformin and clomiphene citrate versus clomiphene citrate alone suggests that combined therapy may be useful although we do not know whether this translates into increased live births. Women taking metformin alone or with combined therapy should be advised that there is no evidence of increased miscarriages, but gastrointestinal side effects are more likely.
Average Rating: 5 (Based on Reviews and 3 reference(s) in Google Scholar.)
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