3-Acetylpyridine NAD (Synonyms: APAD, NSC 20275)

3-Acetylpyridine NAD (APAD) is an analog of NAD+ (free acid) , a signaling molecule and cofactor or substrate for many enzymes. APAD has been used to study the mechanisms of oxidative phosphorylation. It can be reduced by transdehydrogenase from NADH (sodium salt) . It can be reduced more efficiently and is more stable than NAD+; thus, it is useful as a substitute.

References:
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[3]. Birrell, J.A., and Hirst, J. Investigation of NADH binding, hydride transfer, and NAD(+) dissociation during NADH oxidation by mitochondrial complex I using modified nicotinamide nucleotides Biochemistry 52(23), 4048-4055 (2013).
[4]. Stilwell, S.N., Bizouam, T., and Jackson, J.B. The reduction of acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide by NADH: is it a significant reaction of proton-translocating transhydrogenase, or an artefact? Biochim Biophys. Acta. 1320(1), 83-94 (1997).
[5]. Lee, H.J., Lee, S.H., Park, C.B., et al. Coenzyme analogs: Excellent substitutes (not poor imitations) for electrochemical regeneration Chem. Commun. (Camb.) 47(46), 12538-12540 (2011).