Apixaban (Synonyms: BMS 562247-01) |
| Catalog No.GC13130 |
An inhibitor of Factor Xa
Products are for research use only. Not for human use. We do not sell to patients.
Cas No.: 503612-47-3
Sample solution is provided at 25 µL, 10mM.
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Apixaban is a highly selective and reversible inhibitor of Factor Xa with Ki values of 0.08 nM and 0.17 nM in human and rabbit, respectively[1].
Factor X, also known by the eponym Stuart–Prower factor, is an enzyme of the coagulation cascade. Factor X is activated, by hydrolysis, into factor Xa by both factor IX. Factor Xa is the activated form of the coagulation factorthrombokinase.Inhibiting Factor Xa could offer an alternate method for anticoagulation. Direct Xa inhibitors are popular anticoagulants [2].
In vitro: Apixabanhas exhibited a high degree of potency, selectivity, and efficacy on Factor Xa with Ki of 0.08 nM and 0.17 nM for Human Factor Xa and Rabbit Factor Xa, respectively [1]. Apixaban prolonged the clotting times of normal human plasma with the concentrations (EC2x) of 3.6, 0.37, 7.4 and 0.4 μM, which are required respectively to double the prothrombin time (PT), modified prothrombin time (mPT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and HepTest. Besides, Apixaban showed the highest potency in human and rabbit plasma, but less potency in rat and dog plasma in both the PT and APTT assays [3].
In vivo: Apixaban exihibited the excellent pharmacokinetics with very low clearance (Cl: 0.02 L kg-1h-1), and low volume of distribution (Vdss: 0.2 L/kg) in the dog. Besides, Apixaban also showed a moderate half-life with T1/2 of 5.8 hours and good oral bioavailability (F: 58%) [1]. In the arteriovenous-shunt thrombosis (AVST), venous thrombosis (VT) and electrically mediated carotid arterial thrombosis (ECAT) rabbit models, Apixaban produced antithrombotic effects with EC50 of 270 nM, 110 nM and 70 nM in a dose-dependent manner[3]. Apixaban significantly inhibited factor Xa activity with an IC50 of 0.22 μM in rabbit ex vivo[4]. In chimpanzee, Apixaban also showed small volume of distribution (Vdss: 0.17 L kg-1), low systemic clearance (Cl: 0.018 L kg-1h-1), and good oral bioavailability (F: 59%) [5].
References:
[1].Pinto D J P, Orwat M J, Koch S, et al. Discovery of 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-7-oxo-6-(4-(2-oxopiperidin-1-yl) phenyl)-4, 5, 6, 7-tetrahydro-1 H-pyrazolo [3, 4-c] pyridine-3-carboxamide (Apixaban, BMS-562247), a highly potent, selective, efficacious, and orally bioavailable inhibitor of blood coagulation factor Xa[J]. Journal of medicinal chemistry, 2007, 50(22): 5339-5356.
[2].Sidhu P S. Direct Factor Xa Inhibitors as Anticoagulants[J].
[3].Wong P C, Crain E J, Xin B, et al. Apixaban, an oral, direct and highly selective factor Xa inhibitor: in vitro, antithrombotic and antihemostaticstudies[J]. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 2008, 6(5): 820-829.
[4].Zhang D, He K, Raghavan N, et al. Metabolism, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the factor Xa inhibitor apixaban in rabbits[J]. Journal of thrombosis and thrombolysis, 2010, 29(1): 70-80.
[5].He K, Luettgen J M, Zhang D, et al. Preclinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of apixaban, a potent and selective factor Xa inhibitor[J]. European journal of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics, 2011, 36(3): 129-139.
Kinase experiment: | Purified FXa is obtained after activation with Russell’s viper venom followed by affinity chromatography. The resulting FXa is > 95% pure as judged by sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The substrate affinity values for FXa, expressed as the Michaelis-Menten-Henri constant (Km), for human, rabbit, rat and dog FXa are determined using the chromogenic substrate S-2765, and are 36, 60, 240 and 70 μM, respectively. The substrate hydrolysis is monitored by measuring absorbance at 405 nm at 25°C for up to 30 min using a SpectraMax 384 Plus plate reader and SoftMax. FXa activity for each substrate and inhibitor concentration pair is determined in duplicate. The Ki values are calculated by non-linear least-squares fitting of the steady-state substrate hydrolysis rates to the equation for competitive inhibition (Equation 1) using GRAFIT, where v equals reactions velocity in OD min−1, Vmax equals maxiumum reaction velocity, S equals substrate concentration, and I equals inhibitor concentration. |
Animal experiment: | Briefly, male New Zealand White rabbits are anesthetized with ketamine (50 mg/kg i.m.) and xylazine (10 mg/kg i.m.), and their femoral artery, jugular vein and femoral vein are catheterized. These anesthetics are supplemented as needed. Thrombosis is induced by an arteriovenous (AV)-shunt device containing a silk thread. Blood flowed from the femoral artery via the AV shunt into the opposite femoral vein for 40 min. The shunt is then disconnected and the silk thread covered with thrombus is weighed. As apixaban has an oral bioavailability of < 5% in rabbits (unpublished result), it is administered intravenously for in vivo studies. To achieve a stable plasma level with minimum experimental variability, apixaban, fondaparinux or vehicle is given by a continuous intravenous infusion 1 h prior to shunt placement. The infusion is continued throughout the experiment. Warfarin or vehicle is dosed orally once daily for 4 days. On the fourth day after the last oral dose of warfarin or vehicle, rabbits are anesthetized 1.5 h later, and the treatment effect is evaluated about 2 h postdose. Arterial blood samples for the determination of clotting times or plasma levels are collected 20 min after shunt placement. Plasma levels of apixaban are measured by a specific and sensitive liquid chromatographic mass spectrometry method (LC/MS/MS). In rabbits treated with apixaban, fondaparinux or warfarin, the antithrombotic effects of these agents are expressed as percentage inhibition of thrombus formation based on the treated vs. the corresponding mean vehicle. The ED50 value (dose that produced 50% inhibition of thrombus formation) is determined as described below. The apixaban group treatment consists of vehicle (10%N,N-dimethylacetamide; 30% 1,2-propanediol; 60% water) (n=4), and apixaban (mg/kg/h) at 0.03 (n=7), 0.1 (n=7), 0.3 (n=7), 1 (n=7), and 3 (n=3). The fondaparinux group treatment consists of vehicle (saline) (n=6), and fondaparinux (mg/kg/h1) at 0.01 (n=5), 0.03 (n=5), 0.1 (n=5), 0.3 (n=5), and 1 (n=5). The warfarin group treatment consists of vehicle (water) (n=6), and warfarin (mg/kg/day) at 0.1 (n=6), 0.3 (n=6), 1 (n=6), and 3 (n=6). |
References: [1]. Pinto DJ, et al. Discovery of 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-7-oxo-6-(4-(2-oxopiperidin-1-yl)phenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxamide (apixaban, BMS-562247), a highly potent, selective, efficacious, and orally bioavailable inhibitor of blood coagulation factor Xa. J Med Chem. 2007 Nov 1;50(22):5339-56. | |
| Cas No. | 503612-47-3 | SDF | |
| Synonyms | BMS 562247-01 | ||
| Chemical Name | 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-7-oxo-6-[4-(2-oxopiperidin-1-yl)phenyl]-4,5-dihydropyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxamide | ||
| Canonical SMILES | COC1=CC=C(C=C1)N2C3=C(CCN(C3=O)C4=CC=C(C=C4)N5CCCCC5=O)C(=N2)C(=O)N | ||
| Formula | C25H25N5O4 | M.Wt | 459.5 |
| Solubility | ≥ 11.5 mg/mL in DMSO, ≥ 10.64 mg/mL in EtOH with ultrasonic and warming | Storage | Store at -20°C |
| General tips | Please select the appropriate solvent to prepare the stock solution according to the
solubility of the product in different solvents; once the solution is prepared, please store it in
separate packages to avoid product failure caused by repeated freezing and thawing.Storage method
and period of the stock solution: When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months; when stored
at -20°C, please use it within 1 month. To increase solubility, heat the tube to 37°C and then oscillate in an ultrasonic bath for some time. |
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| Shipping Condition | Evaluation sample solution: shipped with blue ice. All other sizes available: with RT, or with Blue Ice upon request. | ||
| Prepare stock solution | |||
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1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg |
| 1 mM | 2.1763 mL | 10.8814 mL | 21.7628 mL |
| 5 mM | 0.4353 mL | 2.1763 mL | 4.3526 mL |
| 10 mM | 0.2176 mL | 1.0881 mL | 2.1763 mL |
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