Lipoteichoic acid |
Catalog No.GF10303
One-Click Copy Product Info
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Lipoteichoic acid is a teichoic acid predominantly located in the cell walls of Gram-positive bacteria, widely involved in stimulating immune responses and cellular signaling pathways.
Products are for research use only. Not for human use. We do not sell to patients.
Cas No.: 56411-57-5
Sample solution is provided at 25 µL, 10mM.
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Lipoteichoic acid is a teichoic acid predominantly located in the cell walls of Gram-positive bacteria, widely involved in stimulating immune responses and cellular signaling pathways[1]. Lipoteichoic acid plays a key role in regulating cell growth, division, and host immune recognition, and is commonly applied in the rapid diagnosis of pathogenic infections as well as in research on host–pathogen interactions and innate immunity[2,3,4].
In vitro, treatment of mouse peritoneal macrophages with Lipoteichoic acid (50μg/mL) for 5min, followed by removal of unbound Lipoteichoic acid and further culture for 48h, significantly activates macrophages, whose released cytokines induce 51.32% mortality in L-929 cells[5]. Stimulation of primary bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMEC) with Lipoteichoic acid (20μg/mL) for 2-4h markedly upregulates mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α, β-defensin, and CXCL6, although this induction declines to baseline by 8-16h (except for β-defensin)[6].
In vivo, two intraperitoneal injections of Lipoteichoic acid (75mg/kg; 3h apart) in pregnant C3H/HeN × B6D2F1 hybrid mice on gestational day 15 result in 100% preterm delivery, accompanied by cervical softening, placental damage, and elevated inflammatory cytokines (IL-1α, IL-6, TNF-α) in plasma and amniotic fluid[7]. A single intravenous injection of Lipoteichoic acid (20mg/kg) in BALB/c mice induces lung congestion, neutrophil infiltration, alveolar wall thickening, and significantly increases IL-1β and TNF-α levels in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid[5].
References:
[1] PERCY M G, GRÜNDLING A. Lipoteichoic acid synthesis and function in gram-positive bacteria[J]. Annual review of microbiology, 2014, 68(1): 81-100.
[2] GINSBURG I. Role of lipoteichoic acid in infection and inflammation[J]. The Lancet infectious diseases, 2002, 2(3): 171-179.
[3] SEO H S, MICHALEK S M, NAHM M H. Lipoteichoic acid is important in innate immune responses to gram-positive bacteria[J]. Infection and immunity, 2008, 76(1): 206-213.
[4] PICKETT J E, THOMPSON J M, SADOWSKA A, et al. Molecularly specific detection of bacterial lipoteichoic acid for diagnosis of prosthetic joint infection of the bone[J]. Bone research, 2018, 6(1): 13.
[5] JIAO Y, WU M P. Apolipoprotein AI diminishes acute lung injury and sepsis in mice induced by lipoteichoic acid[J]. Cytokine, 2008, 43(1): 83-87.
[6] STRANDBERG Y, GRAY C, VUOCOLO T, et al. Lipopolysaccharide and lipoteichoic acid induce different innate immune responses in bovine mammary epithelial cells[J]. Cytokine, 2005, 31(1): 72-86.
[7] KAJIKAWA S, KAGA N, FUTAMURA Y, et al. Lipoteichoic acid induces preterm delivery in mice[J]. Journal of pharmacological and toxicological methods, 1998, 39(3): 147-154.
| Cell experiment [1]: | |
Cell lines | Peritoneal macrophages of mice |
Preparation Method | Mouse peritoneal macrophages were collected, and Lipoteichoic acid (50μg/mL) was added to activate the macrophages for 5min. The culture was then washed with PBS (pH 7.4) to remove free Lipoteichoic acid. Afterward, 100μL of DMEM was added, and the cells were cultured for another 48h. The culture medium was then collected for cytotoxicity assays on L-929 cells. |
Reaction Conditions | 50μg/mL; 5min |
Applications | Lipoteichoic acid treatment significantly activated macrophages, and the released cytokines led to a 51.32% mortality rate in L-929 cells. |
| Animal experiment [1]: | |
Animal models | BALB/c mice |
Preparation Method | Lipoteichoic acid (20mg/kg, i.v.) was injected into the conscious mice to cause sepsis and were treated with saline at once. Blood samples were taken by extirpating eyeballs at 24h after Lipoteichoic acid injection. After that, the chest cavity of the animal was opened and the right lung was ligated and excised. The lung lobes were submerged in 10% formaldehyde for histopathological staining with hematoxylin-eosin and examination. BAL fluid of the left lung was collected. The inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α in serum and BAL fluid were determined by ELISA using specific kits. Microscopic evaluation was performed to characterize the inflammatory injury of the organs. |
Dosage form | 20mg/kg; i.v. |
Applications | Lipoteichoic acid treatment led to lung congestion, neutrophil infiltration, alveolar wall thickening, and significantly increased the levels of IL-1β and TNF-α in serum and BAL fluid. |
References: | |
| Cas No. | 56411-57-5 | SDF | |
| Formula | M.Wt | ||
| Solubility | Storage | Store at 2-8°C,protect from light | |
| General tips | Please select the appropriate solvent to prepare the stock solution according to the
solubility of the product in different solvents; once the solution is prepared, please store it in
separate packages to avoid product failure caused by repeated freezing and thawing.Storage method
and period of the stock solution: When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months; when stored
at -20°C, please use it within 1 month. To increase solubility, heat the tube to 37°C and then oscillate in an ultrasonic bath for some time. |
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| Shipping Condition | Evaluation sample solution: shipped with blue ice. All other sizes available: with RT, or with Blue Ice upon request. | ||
Step 1: Enter information below (Recommended: An additional animal making an allowance for loss during the experiment)
g
μL
Step 2: Enter the in vivo formulation (This is only the calculator, not formulation. Please contact us first if there is no in vivo formulation at the solubility Section.)
Calculation results:
Working concentration: mg/ml;
Method for preparing DMSO master liquid: mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO ( Master liquid concentration mg/mL, Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug. )
Method for preparing in vivo formulation: Take μL DMSO master liquid, next addμL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL saline, mix and clarify.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation: Take μL DMSO master liquid, next add μL Corn oil, mix and clarify.
Note: 1. Please make sure the liquid is clear before adding the next solvent.
2. Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order. You must ensure that the solution obtained, in the previous addition, is a clear solution before proceeding to add the next solvent. Physical methods such as vortex, ultrasound or hot water bath can be used to aid dissolving.
3. All of the above co-solvents are available for purchase on the GlpBio website.
Quality Control & SDS
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Average Rating: 5 (Based on Reviews and 30 reference(s) in Google Scholar.)