AKT (PKB or Rac) is a serine/threonine kinase located at the core node of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway (PAM pathway), regulating basic functions such as transcription, translation, proliferation, growth, and apoptosis of cells. AKT has three subtypes: Akt1, Akt2, and Akt3. The PH domain (pleckstrin homology domain) of AKT specifically binds to PIP2 and PIP3, allowing AKT to be localized on the cell membrane. Subsequently, the kinase domain transfers the phosphate group of ATP to the substrate threonine for phosphorylation.

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is the most classic target in the field of anti-tumor therapy. EGFR is widely distributed on the surface of mammalian epithelial cells, fibroblasts, glial cells, keratinocytes, and other cells. EGFR signaling pathway plays an important role in physiological processes such as cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation. EGFR mutations or overexpression generally trigger tumors. EGFR is a glycoprotein, belonging to the tyrosine kinase receptor type, with a cell membrane penetration and a molecular weight of 170KDa. EGFR is located on the surface of the cell membrane and is activated by binding to ligands, including EGF and TGFα. After activation, EGFR transforms from monomers to dimers, although there is also evidence that dimers exist before activation. EGFR may also be activated by aggregating with other members of the ErbB receptor family, such as ErbB2/Her2/neu.

The PI3K-Akt signaling pathway (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-protein kinase B signaling pathway) is a very important intracellular signaling pathway, which refers to the intracellular signaling pathway composed of PI3K and protein Akt. It plays a key role in numerous physiological processes of cells, such as cell growth, proliferation, survival, metabolism, migration, and angiogenesis. The abnormal activation of this pathway is closely related to the occurrence and development of various diseases, especially cancer.

Quercetin, a bioactive plant-derived flavonoid abundant in fruits and vegetables, has shown remarkable promise in fighting melanoma, a deadly skin cancer. Research has revealed that quercetin can inhibit tumor growth without toxicity, boosting antitumor immunity by modulating the tumor immune microenvironment. This natural compound has been found to increase the percentages of immune cells, suppress cell proliferation and migration, and promote phagocytosis, making it a potential therapeutic agent for enhancing the efficacy of existing melanoma treatments. With its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties, quercetin holds great potential as a complementary therapy for melanoma, offering new hope for patients seeking effective and natural solutions.

Dioscin, a natural steroidal saponin derived from Dioscorea nipponica Makino, exhibits diverse pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic properties. Recent research highlighted its protective role in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular systems.

In life science research, the assessment of cytotoxicity is an important indicator for measuring the impact of compounds or treatments on cell health. To accurately and quickly detect the extent of cell damage, Glpbio offers a cytotoxicity LDH assay kit. This kit measures cell damage by quantifying the activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) released into the culture medium, providing researchers with an efficient and reliable detection tool.

In the field of life sciences research, apoptosis is a complex and intricate process that involves the self-destruction of cells and plays a crucial role in maintaining the normal physiological functions of organisms and the development of diseases. In recent years, compound 48/80 has garnered widespread attention in the scientific community due to its unique mechanisms in regulating apoptosis. This article will delve into how compound 48/80 regulates the process of apoptosis and reveal its potential applications in biomedical research.

As one of the most common endocrine system malignancies worldwide, thyroid cancer has a high incidence rate, bringing a heavy burden to patients and society. Among them, papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), the most prevalent pathological subtype of thyroid cancer, accounts for 80% of all thyroid cancers. Although most PTC patients have a good prognosis after surgery, radioactive iodine-131 (131I) therapy, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) suppression therapy, some patients still experience local recurrence or metastasis. Moreover, the tumor may develop a dedifferentiated phenotype, reducing or completely losing its ability to uptake iodine, preventing patients from benefiting from 131I therapy. These patients are defined as radioactive iodine-refractory papillary thyroid carcinoma (RR-PTC). RR-PTC is highly invasive, progresses rapidly, and is difficult to manage clinically, posing a significant challenge in the current field of thyroid cancer treatment.

In the field of life science research, the family of Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription (STAT) has always been a focus of scientific attention. This family, especially the STAT5 subtype, has garnered significant attention in recent years due to its abnormal activation in various cancers. STAT5, as an important member of the STAT family, is primarily activated by membrane receptor-associated Janus kinases (JAK) in response to numerous extracellular signaling molecules, thereby playing crucial roles in cell immunity, proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. There are two subtypes of STAT5: STAT5A and STAT5B. While they have structural and functional similarities, their roles in specific physiological processes and diseases have subtle differences. This article will delve into STAT5 inhibitors and their regulatory mechanisms, reveal the differences between STAT5A and STAT5B in different indications, and showcase Glpbio's forefront contributions in this field.

In the vast realm of contemporary life science research, the study of extracellular adenosine metabolism enzyme ENPP1 (ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1) is gradually becoming a hot topic. As a key enzyme involved in various physiological and pathological processes, understanding the function of ENPP1 and developing its inhibitors is crucial for elucidating disease mechanisms and developing novel therapeutic approaches. This article will delve into ENPP1 inhibitors, especially the functionality of compound C and its potential in life science research and clinical applications, while also showcasing Glpbio's cutting-edge contributions in this field.