Name: Palmitic acid
Brand: GlpBio
SKU: GN10676
Availability: InStock
Rating: 5 (30 reviews)

Product has been cited by 2 publications

Product Documents

Quality Control & SDS

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Purity: >98.00%

Protocol

Cell experiment [1]:
Cell lines	Saos-2 cells
Preparation Method	When the cells reached 70 -80% confluence, they were treated with different concentrations (0-800 µM) of Palmitic acid. At various times (0-48 h) during the treatment, cells were collected and processed for further experiments. In other experiments, Saos-2 were exposed to 200 µM Palmitic acid in the presence or absence of 500 nM 4-PBA, 5 mM 3-MA, 5 µM AY-22989, or 500 nM TG for 24 h.
Reaction Conditions	0-800 µM Palmitic acid for 0-48 h
Applications	Palmitic acid treatment decreased cell viability in a dose-dependent manner, and the minimum effective dose was 100 µM Palmitic acid.
Animal experiment [2]:
Animal models	Eight-week-old specific pathogen-free female BALB/c mice
Preparation Method	Prior to infection, mice were treated orally using a gavage needle with 100 L of Palmitic acid (800 uM) or vehicle (PBS containing 0.1% ethanol and 0.1% BSA) for 3 d. Oral treatment was continued for 14 d post-infection.
Dosage form	100 µL of Palmitic acid (800 µM) for 14days
Applications	Palmitic acid treatment in mice enhances resistance to Brucella infection and is accompanied by attenuated IL-10 induction during Brucella infection.
References: [1]. Yang L, Guan G, et,al. Palmitic acid induces human osteoblast-like Saos-2 cell apoptosis via endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy. Cell Stress Chaperones. 2018 Nov;23(6):1283-1294. doi: 10.1007/s12192-018-0936-8. Epub 2018 Sep 7. PMID: 30194633; PMCID: PMC6237680. [2]. Reyes AWB, Huy TXN,et,al. Protection of palmitic acid treatment in RAW264.7 cells and BALB/c mice during Brucella abortus 544 infection. J Vet Sci. 2021 Mar;22(2):e18. doi: 10.4142/jvs.2021.22.e18. PMID: 33774934; PMCID: PMC8007444.

Palmitic acid (PA) is the most common saturated fatty acid found in the human body and can be provided in the diet or synthesized endogenously from other fatty acids, carbohydrates and amino acids^[9].

Palmitic acid treatment decreased cell viability in a dose-dependent manner, and the minimum effective dose was 100 μM Palmitic acid. Palmitic acid treatment increased the percentage of apoptotic Saos-2 cells in a dose-dependent manner, IC50 value is about 200 μM^[3]. Obesity-related neurodegenerative diseases are associated with elevated saturated fatty acids (SFAs) in the brain. Palmitic acid induces significant neuron cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase in SH-SY5Y cells^[2]. Palmitic acid was able to cause an increase in autophagic flux. PA-induced autophagy was found to be independent of mTOR regulation. Inhibition of autophagy sensitized the cells to Palmitic acid-induced apoptosis, suggesting the pro-survival function of autophagy induced by Palmitic acid ^[4]. Treatment of SMMC-7721 cells with Palmitic acid increased LC3-II expression in time- and dose-dependent manners, whereas the unsaturated fatty acid oleic acid had no effect^[5]. Palmitic acid can induce the expression of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) in in mouse granulosa cells^[1].

Transient higher levels of Palmitic acid exposure in pregnant mice activates NLRP3 inflammasome and induces placental inflammation, resulting in the incidence of absorption^[6]. In a dose-dependent fashion, palmitic acid rapidly reduced mouse locomotor activity by a mechanism that did not rely on TLR4, MyD88, IL-1, IL-6 or TNFα but was dependent on fatty acid chain length. Twenty-four hours after palmitic acid administration mice exhibited anxiety-like behavior without impairment in locomotion, food intake, depressive-like behavior or spatial memory. Additionally, the serotonin metabolite 5-HIAA was increased by 33% in the amygdala 24h after palmitic acid treatment^[7]. Palmitic acid treatment in mice enhances resistance to Brucella infection and is accompanied by attenuated IL-10 induction during Brucella infection^[8].

References:
[1]. Harada H, Yamashita U, et,al. Antitumor activity of palmitic acid found as a selective cytotoxic substance in a marine red alga. Anticancer Res. 2002 Sep-Oct;22(5):2587-90. PMID: 12529968.
[2]. Hsiao YH, Lin CI, et,al.Palmitic acid-induced neuron cell cycle G2/M arrest and endoplasmic reticular stress through protein palmitoylation in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. Int J Mol Sci. 2014 Nov 13;15(11):20876-99. doi: 10.3390/ijms151120876. PMID: 25402647; PMCID: PMC4264201.
[3]. Yang L, Guan G, et,al.Palmitic acid induces human osteoblast-like Saos-2 cell apoptosis via endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy. Cell Stress Chaperones. 2018 Nov;23(6):1283-1294. doi: 10.1007/s12192-018-0936-8. Epub 2018 Sep 7. PMID: 30194633; PMCID: PMC6237680.
[4]. Tan SH, Shui G, et,al. Induction of autophagy by palmitic acid via protein kinase C-mediated signaling pathway independent of mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin). J Biol Chem. 2012 Apr 27;287(18):14364-76. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M111.294157. Epub 2012 Mar 9. Erratum in: J Biol Chem. 2014 Apr 4;289(14):9501. PMID: 22408252; PMCID: PMC3340233.
[5]. Tu QQ, Zheng RY, et,al.Palmitic acid induces autophagy in hepatocytes via JNK2 activation. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2014 Apr;35(4):504-12. doi: 10.1038/aps.2013.170. Epub 2014 Mar 10. PMID: 24608675; PMCID: PMC4813717.
[6]. Sano M, Shimazaki S, et,al. Palmitic acid activates NLRP3 inflammasome and induces placental inflammation during pregnancy in mice. J Reprod Dev. 2020 Jun 12;66(3):241-248. doi: 10.1262/jrd.2020-007. Epub 2020 Feb 27. PMID: 32101829; PMCID: PMC7297640.
[7]. Moon ML, Joesting JJ, et,al.The saturated fatty acid, palmitic acid, induces anxiety-like behavior in mice. Metabolism. 2014 Sep;63(9):1131-40. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2014.06.002. Epub 2014 Jun 9. PMID: 25016520; PMCID: PMC4151238.
[8]. Reyes AWB, Huy TXN,et,al. Protection of palmitic acid treatment in RAW264.7 cells and BALB/c mice during Brucella abortus 544 infection. J Vet Sci. 2021 Mar;22(2):e18. doi: 10.4142/jvs.2021.22.e18. PMID: 33774934; PMCID: PMC8007444.
[9].Carta G, Murru E, Banni S, Manca C. Palmitic Acid: Physiological Role, Metabolism and Nutritional Implications. Front Physiol. 2017 Nov 8;8:902. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00902. PMID: 29167646; PMCID: PMC5682332.

Cas No.	1957/10/3	SDF
Synonyms	C16:0, Cetylic Acid
Chemical Name	hexadecanoic acid
Canonical SMILES	CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)O
Formula	C₁₆H₃₂O₂	M.Wt	256.42
Solubility	≥ 51mg/mL in DMSO; ≥ 51mg/mL in Ethanol	Storage	Store at -20°C,protect from light
General tips	Please select the appropriate solvent to prepare the stock solution according to the solubility of the product in different solvents; once the solution is prepared, please store it in separate packages to avoid product failure caused by repeated freezing and thawing.Storage method and period of the stock solution: When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months; when stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month. To increase solubility, heat the tube to 37°C and then oscillate in an ultrasonic bath for some time.
Shipping Condition	Evaluation sample solution: shipped with blue ice. All other sizes available: with RT, or with Blue Ice upon request.

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Prepare stock solution
		1 mg	5 mg	10 mg
	1 mM	3.8999 mL	19.4993 mL	38.9985 mL
	5 mM	0.78 mL	3.8999 mL	7.7997 mL
	10 mM	0.39 mL	1.9499 mL	3.8999 mL

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Method for preparing DMSO master liquid: mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO ( Master liquid concentration mg/mL, Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug. )

Method for preparing in vivo formulation: Take μL DMSO master liquid, next addμL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH₂O, mix and clarify.

Method for preparing in vivo formulation: Take μL DMSO master liquid, next add μL Corn oil, mix and clarify.

Note: 1. Please make sure the liquid is clear before adding the next solvent.
2. Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order. You must ensure that the solution obtained, in the previous addition, is a clear solution before proceeding to add the next solvent. Physical methods such as vortex, ultrasound or hot water bath can be used to aid dissolving.
3. All of the above co-solvents are available for purchase on the GlpBio website.

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Palmitic acid (Synonyms: C16:0, Cetylic Acid)

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