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Home >> Signaling Pathways >> Immunology/Inflammation >> Reactive Oxygen Species

Reactive Oxygen Species

Reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anion (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radical (HO•), consist of radical and non-radical oxygen species formed by the partial reduction of oxygen. Cellular ROS are generated endogenously during mitochondrial oxidative metabolism as well as in cellular response to xenobiotics, cytokines, and bacterial invasion.

ROS also activates MAPK pathways by the direct inhibition of MAPK phosphatases. Through PTEN, the PI3K pathway is subject to reversible redox regulation by ROS generated by growth factor stimulation. The activation of autophagy may be a cellular defense mechanism in response to ROS.

Targets for  Reactive Oxygen Species

Products for  Reactive Oxygen Species

  1. Cat.No. Product Name Information
  2. GC60693 Chitoheptaose heptahydrochloride Chitoheptaose heptahydrochloride is a chitosan oligosaccharide with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic and cardioprotective activities. Chitoheptaose heptahydrochloride Chemical Structure
  3. GN10518 Chitosamine hydrochloride Chitosamine hydrochloride Chemical Structure
  4. GC68039 Chlorin e6 trimethyl ester Chlorin e6 trimethyl ester Chemical Structure
  5. GN10308 Chlorogenic acid

    Chlorogenic acid is a major phenolic compound in coffee and tea. 

     Chlorogenic acid Chemical Structure
  6. GN10662 Cichoric Acid Cichoric Acid Chemical Structure
  7. GC38680 Citronellol Citronellol ((±)-Citronellol) is a monoterpene Pelargonium capitatum. Citronellol ((±)-Citronellol) induces necroptosis of cancer cell via up-regulating TNF-α, RIP1/RIP3 activities, down-regulating caspase-3/caspase-8 activities and increasing ROS (reactive oxygen species) accumulation. Citronellol Chemical Structure
  8. GC65124 CL097 hydrochloride CL097, a potent TLR7 and TLR8 agonist, induces pro-inflammatory cytokines in macrophages. CL097 hydrochloride Chemical Structure
  9. GC40632 CMS121 A substituted quinoline with diverse biological activities CMS121 Chemical Structure
  10. GN10668 Coenzyme Q10 Coenzyme Q10 Chemical Structure
  11. GC47116 Coenzyme Q10-d6 An internal standard for the quantification of CoQ10 Coenzyme Q10-d6 Chemical Structure
  12. GC43297 Coenzyme Q2 Coenzyme Q10 is a component of the electron transport chain and participates in aerobic cellular respiration, generating energy in the form of ATP. Coenzyme Q2 Chemical Structure
  13. GC43316 Coumarin Boronic Acid Coumarin boronic acid (CBA) is a fluorescent probe that can be used to detect peroxynitrite, hypochlorous acid, and hydrogen peroxide. Coumarin Boronic Acid Chemical Structure
  14. GC43317 Coumarin Boronic Acid pinacolate ester Coumarin boronic acid pinacolate ester (CBE) is a more soluble form of coumarin boronic acid that can be used to detect peroxynitrite, hypochlorous acid, and hydrogen peroxide. Coumarin Boronic Acid pinacolate ester Chemical Structure
  15. GC52164 Cu-ATSP Cu-ATSP, a potent inhibitor of ferroptotic cell death, is almost 20-fold more potent than CuATSM. Cu-ATSP Chemical Structure
  16. GC49557 Cu-GTSM A copper-containing compound with diverse biological activities Cu-GTSM Chemical Structure
  17. GC43335 Cyanidin 3-O-arabinoside Cyanidin 3-O-arabinoside is an anthocyanin antioxidant that has been found in eggplant. Cyanidin 3-O-arabinoside Chemical Structure
  18. GC18488 Cyclo(L-Leu-L-Trp) Cyclo(L-Leu-L-Trp) is a diketopiperazine metabolite originally isolated from Penicillium. Cyclo(L-Leu-L-Trp) Chemical Structure
  19. GC65545 Cyclo(L-Phe-L-Pro) Cyclo(L-Phe-L-Pro) Chemical Structure
  20. GC34894 CycLuc1 CycLuc1 is a brain penetrant luciferase substrate. CycLuc1 Chemical Structure
  21. GC45877 CYM 5478 An S1P2 agonist CYM 5478 Chemical Structure
  22. GN10698 Cynarin Cynarin Chemical Structure
  23. GC43352 CYPMPO

    CYPMPO is a free radical spin trap with excellent trapping capabilities toward hydroxyl and superoxide radicals in biological and chemical systems.

     CYPMPO Chemical Structure
  24. GC33779 Cysteamine (β-Mercaptoethylamine) Cysteamine (β-Mercaptoethylamine) Chemical Structure
  25. GC13502 Cysteamine HCl Cysteamine HCl (2-Aminoethanethiol hydrochloride) is an orally active agent for the treatment of nephropathic cystinosis and an antioxidant. Cysteamine HCl Chemical Structure
  26. GC49868 D-α-Tocopheryl Quinone An oxidative metabolite of vitamin E D-α-Tocopheryl Quinone Chemical Structure
  27. GC33606 D-(+)-Glucono-1,5-lactone (Gluconic acid lactone) D-(+)-Glucono-1,5-lactone (Gluconic acid lactone) is a polyhydroxy (PHA) that is capable of metal chelating, moisturizing and antioxidant activity. D-(+)-Glucono-1,5-lactone (Gluconic acid lactone) Chemical Structure
  28. GC18583 D-α-Hydroxyglutaric Acid Over-produced in the human neurometabolic disease D-2-HGA D-α-Hydroxyglutaric Acid Chemical Structure
  29. GC16306 Dapsone sulfone antibiotic Dapsone Chemical Structure
  30. GC47172 Dapsone-d8 An internal standard for the quantification of daspone Dapsone-d8 Chemical Structure
  31. GC16795 DCA DCA is a metabolic regulator in cancer cells' mitochondria with anticancer activity. DCA inhibits PDHK, resulting in decreased lactic acid in the tumor microenvironment. DCA increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and promotes cancer cell apoptosis. DCA also works as NKCC inhibitor. DCA Chemical Structure
  32. GC43410 DEPMPO

    DEPMPO is a phosphorylated derivative of the widely used DMPO spin trap.

     DEPMPO Chemical Structure
  33. GC43411 DEPMPO-biotin DEPMPO is a nitrone that is used to spin trap reactive O-, N-, S-, and C-centered radicals and allow their characterization when used in association with electron spin resonance. DEPMPO-biotin Chemical Structure
  34. GC43439 Diallyl Trisulfide Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an endogenously-produced gaseous second messenger that can regulate many physiological processes. Diallyl Trisulfide Chemical Structure
  35. GC18517 Diapocynin Diapocynin is the dimeric form of the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin that has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Diapocynin Chemical Structure
  36. GC45662 Dieugenol A neolignan with antioxidative and antiparasitic activities Dieugenol Chemical Structure
  37. GC43462 Dihydrolipoic Acid Dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA) is a dithiol-containing carboxylic acid that is the reduced form of α-lipoic acid. Dihydrolipoic Acid Chemical Structure
  38. GC47234 Diosmetin-d3 An internal standard for the quantification of diosmetin Diosmetin-d3 Chemical Structure
  39. GC12520 Diphenyleneiodonium chloride

    Diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) chloride (DPIC), as a NADH/NADPH oxidase inhibitor, has possessing potent antimicrobial activity against Mtb and S. aureus.

     Diphenyleneiodonium chloride Chemical Structure
  40. GC47238 Diquat (bromide) Diquat (bromide) is a comprehensive herbicide commonly used in the cultivation of cotton, soybeans, and other crops to combat unwanted weeds. Diquat (bromide) Chemical Structure
  41. GC10981 Disodium (R)-2-Hydroxyglutarate Disodium (R)-2-Hydroxyglutarate (Disodium (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate) is the principal metabolite accumulating in neurometabolic disease D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria. Disodium (R)-2-Hydroxyglutarate Chemical Structure
  42. GC11702 DL-Carnitine HCl DL-Carnitine HCl exists in two isomers, known as D and L. DL-Carnitine HCl Chemical Structure
  43. GC49081 DL-o-Tyrosine A phenylalanine hydroxylation product DL-o-Tyrosine Chemical Structure
  44. GC40557 DMNQ DMNQ is a 1,4-naphthoquinone that acts as a redox-cycling agent, typically increasing intracellular superoxide and hydrogen peroxide formation. DMNQ Chemical Structure
  45. GC43569 DPPP DPPP (DPPP) is a fluoregenic peroxide reactive probe. DPPP Chemical Structure
  46. GC10331 Ebselen A peroxynitrite scavenger Ebselen Chemical Structure
  47. GC38149 Ecabet sodium An antiulcerative and gastroprotective agent Ecabet sodium Chemical Structure
  48. GN10422 Echinacoside Echinacoside Chemical Structure
  49. GN10504 Echinocystic acid Echinocystic acid Chemical Structure
  50. GC32887 Efaproxiral (RSR13) Efaproxiral (RSR13) is a haemoglobin (Hb) synthetic allosteric modifier, decreases Hb-oxygen (O2) binding affinity and enhances oxygenation of hypoxic tumours during radiation therapy . Efaproxiral (RSR13) Chemical Structure
  51. GC14586 Efaproxiral Sodium Synthetic allosteric modifier of hemoglobin Efaproxiral Sodium Chemical Structure
  52. GC15548 Ellagic acid Casein kinase 2 (CK2) inhibitor Ellagic acid Chemical Structure
  53. GC31671 Emeramide (BDTH2) Emeramide (BDTH2) is a thiol-redox antioxidant and heavy metal chelator. Emeramide (BDTH2) Chemical Structure
  54. GC67214 Emoxypine succinate Emoxypine succinate is an antioxidant. Emoxypine succinate can be used for the research of post-traumatic. Emoxypine succinate Chemical Structure
  55. GC41290 EMPO

    EMPO is a hydrophilic cyclic nitrone analog of the free radical spin trap DMPO.

     EMPO Chemical Structure
  56. GC35996 Epiberberine chloride Epiberberine chloride is an alkaloid isolated from Coptis chinensis, acts as a potent AChE and BChE inhibitor, and a non-competitive BACE1 inhibitor, with IC50s of 1.07, 6.03 and 8.55 μM, respectively. Epiberberine chloride Chemical Structure
  57. GC47306 Esculin (hydrate) A coumarin with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities Esculin (hydrate) Chemical Structure
  58. GC32965 Ethoxyquin An antioxidant used in animal feed Ethoxyquin Chemical Structure
  59. GC61669 Ethyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate Ethyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (Ethyl protocatechuate), an antioxidant, is a prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitor found in the testa of peanut seeds. Ethyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate Chemical Structure
  60. GN10519 Ethyl ferulate Ethyl ferulate Chemical Structure
  61. GC16517 Eugenol naturally occuring scent chemical Eugenol Chemical Structure
  62. GC65475 Euparin Euparin, a monomeric compound of Benzofuran, is a reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibitor. Euparin Chemical Structure
  63. GC43656 FBBBE FBBBE is a derivatized fluorescein compound that is used to detect the production hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by cells. FBBBE Chemical Structure
  64. GC18325 Ferrichrome (iron-free) Ferrichrome is a hydroxamate siderophore produced by various fungi, including U. Ferrichrome (iron-free) Chemical Structure
  65. GC32439 Ferulic acid sodium (Sodium ferulate) Ferulic acid sodium (Sodium ferulate) is a novel fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) inhibitor with IC50s of 3.78 and 12.5 μM for FGFR1 and FGFR2, respectively. Ferulic acid sodium (Sodium ferulate) Chemical Structure
  66. GC49344 Fisetin-d5 An internal standard for the quantification of fisetin Fisetin-d5 Chemical Structure
  67. GC47387 G6PDi-1 An inhibitor of G6PDH G6PDi-1 Chemical Structure
  68. GN10388 Gallic acid Gallic acid Chemical Structure
  69. GC61436 Gallic acid hydrate Gallic acid (3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acid) hydrate is a natural polyhydroxyphenolic compound and an free radical scavenger to inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Gallic acid hydrate Chemical Structure
  70. GC49420 Gallic Acid-d2 An internal standard for the quantification of gallic acid Gallic Acid-d2 Chemical Structure
  71. GN10741 Garcinone D Garcinone D Chemical Structure
  72. GC47397 Gemfibrozil-d6 An internal standard for the quantification of gemfibrozil Gemfibrozil-d6 Chemical Structure
  73. GC49106 Gentisein A xanthone with diverse biological activities Gentisein Chemical Structure
  74. GC45706 GHK-Cu (acetate) A tripeptide-copper(II) complex GHK-Cu (acetate) Chemical Structure
  75. GN10098 Glabridin Glabridin Chemical Structure
  76. GC32999 Glucoraphanin Glucoraphanin, a natural glucosinolate found in cruciferous vegetable, is a stable precursor of the Nrf2 inducer sulforaphane, which possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-carcinogenic effects. Glucoraphanin Chemical Structure
  77. GC30263 Glucosamine (D-Glucosamine) Glucosamine (D-Glucosamine) (D-Glucosamine (D-Glucosamine)) is an amino sugar and a prominent precursor in the biochemical synthesis of glycosylated proteins and lipids, is used as a dietary supplement. Glucosamine (D-Glucosamine) Chemical Structure
  78. GN10669 Glucosamine sulfate Glucosamine sulfate Chemical Structure
  79. GC49271 Glufosinate-d3 (hydrochloride) An internal standard for the quantification of glufosinate Glufosinate-d3 (hydrochloride) Chemical Structure
  80. GC31353 Glutathione oxidized (L-Glutathione oxidized) Glutathione oxidized (L-Glutathione oxidized) (GSSG) is produced by the oxidation of glutathione. Glutathione oxidized (L-Glutathione oxidized) Chemical Structure
  81. GC36176 Gomisin D A lignan with diverse biological activities Gomisin D Chemical Structure
  82. GC49697 GPX4 Inhibitor 26a A GPX4 inhibitor GPX4 Inhibitor 26a Chemical Structure
  83. GC18788 Graphislactone A Graphislactone A is an antioxidant produced by Cephalosporium IFB-E001 and M. Graphislactone A Chemical Structure
  84. GC32681 GSK2795039 A NOX2 inhibitor GSK2795039 Chemical Structure
  85. GA10800 H-Cys(Me)-OH H-Cys(Me)-OH Chemical Structure
  86. GC30006 H2DCFDA (DCFH-DA) H2DCFDA (DCFH-DA) (DCFH-DA) is a cell-permeable probe used to detect intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Ex/Em=488/525 nm). H2DCFDA (DCFH-DA) Chemical Structure
  87. GC49855 Harmalol (hydrochloride hydrate) A β-carboline alkaloid and an active metabolite of harmaline Harmalol (hydrochloride hydrate) Chemical Structure
  88. GN10613 Hesperidin Hesperidin Chemical Structure
  89. GC33479 Hexaconazole ((-)-Hexaconazol) Hexaconazole ((-)-Hexaconazol) is a systemic fungicide used for the control of many fungi particularly Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes. Hexaconazole ((-)-Hexaconazol) Chemical Structure
  90. GC34116 Hexahydrocurcumin Hexahydrocurcumin is one of the major metabolites of curcumin and a selective, orally active COX-2 inhibitor. Hexahydrocurcumin is inactive against COX-1. Hexahydrocurcumin has antioxidant, anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities. Hexahydrocurcumin Chemical Structure
  91. GC64595 HKSOX-1 (5/6-mixture) HKSOX-1 is a fluorescent probe which is used for imaging and detection of endogenous superoxide in live cells and in vivo. HKSOX-1 (5/6-mixture) Chemical Structure
  92. GC34617 HO-1-IN-1 HO-1-IN-1 (Compound 2) is a heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.25 μM. HO-1-IN-1 Chemical Structure
  93. GC34618 HO-1-IN-1 hydrochloride Heme Oxygenase-1-IN-1 (Compound 2) hydrochloride is a heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.25 μM. HO-1-IN-1 hydrochloride Chemical Structure
  94. GC43870 HPF Hydroxyphenyl fluorescein (HPF) is the reagent that can directly detect highly reactive oxygen species (hROS). HPF Chemical Structure
  95. GC47436 HT-2 Toxin-13C22 An internal standard for the quantification of HT-2 toxin HT-2 Toxin-13C22 Chemical Structure
  96. GC19193 HTHQ HTHQ, which is a hydroquinone monoalkyl ether, is a potent anti-oxidative agent, even at low dose levels. HTHQ Chemical Structure
  97. GC36262 Huangjiangsu A Huangjiangsu A, pseudoprotodioscin, methyl protobioside, protodioscin, and protodeltonin, isolated from D. Huangjiangsu A Chemical Structure
  98. GC52190 Imidazole Ketone Erastin Imidazole Ketone Erastin is a ferroptosis inducer. Imidazole Ketone Erastin Chemical Structure
  99. GC49290 Indoxyl Sulfate-d5 (potassium salt) An internal standard for the quantification of indoxyl sulfate Indoxyl Sulfate-d5 (potassium salt) Chemical Structure
  100. GC61440 Iprodione Iprodione, a dicarboximide fungicide, has a highly specific action, with a capacity to cause oxidative damage through production of free oxygen radicals (ROS). Iprodione Chemical Structure
  101. GC39600 Iron sucrose Iron sucrose (Iron saccharate) is a intravenous iron preparation and a pro-oxidant agent. Iron sucrose Chemical Structure

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