Proteases
Proteases is a general term for a class of enzymes that hydrolyze protein peptide chains. According to the way they degrade polypeptides, they are divided into two categories: endopeptidases and telopeptidases. The former can cut the large molecular weight polypeptide chain from the middle to form prions and peptones with smaller molecular weights; the latter can be divided into carboxypeptidase and aminopeptidase, which respectively remove the peptide from the free carboxyl terminus or free amino terminus of the polypeptide one by one. Chain hydrolysis produces amino acids.
A general term for a class of enzymes that hydrolyze peptide bonds in proteins. According to the way they hydrolyze polypeptides, they can be divided into endopeptidases and exopeptidases. Endopeptidase cleaves the interior of the protein molecule to form smaller molecular weight peptones and peptones. Exopeptidase hydrolyzes peptide bonds one by one from the end of the free amino group or carboxyl group of protein molecules, and frees amino acids, the former is aminopeptidase and the latter is carboxypeptidase. Proteases can be classified into serine proteases, sulfhydryl proteases, metalloproteases and aspartic proteases according to their active centers and optimum pH. According to the optimum pH value of its reaction, it is divided into acidic protease, neutral protease and alkaline protease. The proteases used in industrial production are mainly endopeptidases.
Proteases are widely found in animal offal, plant stems and leaves, fruits and microorganisms. Microbial proteases are mainly produced by molds and bacteria, followed by yeast and actinomycetes.
Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of proteins. There are many kinds, the important ones are pepsin, trypsin, cathepsin, papain and subtilisin. Proteases have strict selectivity for the reaction substrates they act on. A protease can only act on certain peptide bonds in protein molecules, such as the peptide bonds formed by the hydrolysis of basic amino acids catalyzed by trypsin. Proteases are widely distributed, mainly in the digestive tract of humans and animals, and are abundant in plants and microorganisms. Due to limited animal and plant resources, the industrial production of protease preparations is mainly prepared by fermentation of microorganisms such as Bacillus subtilis and Aspergillus terrestris.
Targets for Proteases
- Caspase(114)
- Aminopeptidase(24)
- ACE(74)
- Calpains(20)
- Carboxypeptidase(10)
- Cathepsin(81)
- DPP-4(31)
- Elastase(26)
- Gamma Secretase(67)
- HCV Protease(59)
- HSP(113)
- HIV Integrase(37)
- HIV Protease(47)
- MMP(228)
- NS3/4a protease(8)
- Serine Protease(18)
- Thrombin(58)
- Urokinase(4)
- Cysteine Protease(0)
- Other Proteases(18)
- Tyrosinases(47)
- 15-PGDH(1)
- Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase(13)
- Acyltransferase(59)
- Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH)(28)
- Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetase(9)
- ATGL(1)
- Dipeptidyl Peptidase(56)
- Drug Metabolite(457)
- E1/E2/E3 Enzyme(90)
- Endogenous Metabolite(1636)
- FABP(30)
- Farnesyl Transferase(23)
- Glutaminase(14)
- Glutathione Peroxidase(14)
- Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (IDH)(28)
- Lactate Dehydrogenase(17)
- Lipoxygenase(234)
- Mitochondrial Metabolism(207)
- NEDD8-activating Enzyme(7)
- Neprilysin(12)
- PAI-1(13)
- Ser/Thr Protease(41)
- Tryptophan Hydroxylase(13)
- Xanthine Oxidase(18)
- MALT1(10)
- PCSK9(1)
Products for Proteases
- Cat.No. Product Name Information
- GC41282 2'-O-Methyladenosine 2'-O-Methyladenosine is an analog of adenosine used to prepare nucleoside derivatives as inhibitors of viral RNA translation and replication.
- GC60452 2(5H)-Furanone
- GC39686 2,2-Dihydroxyacetic acid 2,2-Dihydroxyacetic acid is an endogenous metabolite.
- GC60457 2,3,5-Trimethylpyrazine
- GC60458 2,3-Butanediol 2,3-Butanediol is a butanediol derived from the bioconversion of natural resources.
- GC38243 2,3-Diaminopropanoic acid hydrochloride 2,3-Diaminopropanoic acid hydrochloride is an endogenous metabolite.
-
GC30672
2,3-Diaminopropionic acid
2, 3-Diaminopropionic acid is a metabolite of b-oxalyl-L-a, b-diaminopropionic acid a neurotoxic amino acid (ODAP).
- GC60463 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol
- GC39772 2,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde 2,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde is an endogenous metabolite.
- GC33626 2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid 2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid is a degradation product of cyaniding glycoside from tart cheeries in cell culture.
- GC38367 2,4-Dihydroxypyrimidine-5-carboxylic Acid 2,4-Dihydroxypyrimidine-5-carboxylic Acid is an endogenous metabolite.
- GC33519 2,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid A benzoic acid with diverse biological activities
- GC46057 2,5-Dihydroxycinnamic Acid phenethyl ester An inhibitor of 5-LO
- GC38729 2,5-Dimethylpyrazine 2,5-Dimethylpyrazine is an endogenous metabolite.
- GC33637 2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid 2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid, detected in human urine, is an important renewable biotechnological building block because it serves as an environmentally friendly substitute for terephthalic acid in the production of polyesters.
- GA20387 2,6-Diaminopimelic acid 2,6-Diaminopimelic acid is an endogenous metabolite.
- GC39773 2,6-Dibromophenol 2,6-Dibromophenol is an endogenous metabolite.
- GC39767 2,6-Dihydroxyacetophenone 2,6-Dihydroxyacetophenone is an endogenous metabolite.
- GC33642 2,6-Dihydroxybenzoic acid 2,6-Dihydroxybenzoic acid is a secondary metabolite of salicylic acid which has been hydrolyzed by liver enzymes during phase I metabolism.
- GC33643 2,6-Dimethoxybenzoic acid 2,6-Dimethoxybenzoic acid is a member of organic compounds known as o-methoxybenzoic acids and derivatives.
- GC39768 2,6-Dimethylhydroquinone
- GC62766 2,6-Dioxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid hydrate 2,6-Dioxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid hydrate is an endogenous metabolite.
- GC65461 2,8-Dihydroxyadenine 2,8-Dihydroxyadenine, an endogenous metabolite, can cause the formation of urinary crystals and kidney stones.
- GC30697 2-(1-Methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)ethan-1-amine 2-(1-Methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)ethan-1-amine is a histamine (Him) metabolite.
- GC49159 2-(1-Piperazinyl)pyrimidine An α2-AR antagonist and active metabolite of azapirones
- GC38301 2-(1H-Indol-3-yl)ethan-1-ol An indole with diverse biological activities
- GC62763 2-(2’,3’,4’-Trihydroxybutyl)quinoxaline 2-(2’,3’,4’-Trihydroxybutyl)quinoxaline is a food metabolite.
- GC49330 2-(2-Aminoethyl)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-hydroxyisoindol-1-one (hydrochloride) A metabolite of mazindol
- GC33633 2-(2-Methylbenzamido)acetic acid 2-(2-Methylbenzamido)acetic acid is a metabolite detected in urine.
-
GC68504
2-(2-Methylbenzamido)acetic acid-d7
2-(2-Methylbenzamido)acetic acid-d7 is the deuterated form of 2-(2-Methylbenzamido)acetic acid. 2-(2-Methylbenzamido)acetic acid is a metabolite that can be detected in urine.
- GC34193 2-(4-Methoxyphenyl)acetic acid (4-Methoxyphenylacetic acid) 2-(4-Methoxyphenyl)acetic acid (4-Methoxyphenylacetic acid) is a plasma metabolite, with high sensitivity and specificity value as a biomarker for discriminating between NSCLC and healthy controls.
- GC33496 2-(Methylamino)-1H-purin-6(7H)-one (N2-methylguanine) 2-(Methylamino)-1H-purin-6(7H)-one (N2-methylguanine) (N2-Methylguanine) is a modified nucleoside.
- GC12964 2-3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid 2-3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid is a normal human benzoic acid metabolite found in plasma, and has increased levels after aspirin ingestion.
- GC39844 2-Acetonaphthone 2-Acetonaphthone is an endogenous metabolite.
- GC60469 2-Acetyl-3-ethylpyrazine 2-Acetyl-3-ethylpyrazine is an endogenous metabolite.
- GC30718 2-Amino-1-phenylethanol 2-Amino-1-phenylethanol is an analogue of noradrenaline.
- GC66717 2-Amino-2-(p-tolyl)acetic acid 2-Amino-2-(p-tolyl)acetic acid is used for optimizing azide skeleton, and is the intermediate in the synthesis of 1,3, 4-thiadiazole compounds. 1,3,4-thiadiazole compounds exhibit potential anti-cancer activity, and inhibit glutaminase (GLSI).
- GC62769 2-Amino-4-(2-aminophenyl)-4-oxobutanoic acid 2-Amino-4-(2-aminophenyl)-4-oxobutanoic acid is an endogenous metabolite.
- GC60470 2-Amino-5-phenylpyridine 2-Amino-5-phenylpyridine is a mutagenic heterocyclic aromatic amine that is formed by pyrolysis of phenylalanine in proteins. 2-Amino-5-phenylpyridine is in broiled sardines and is considered as potentially carcinogenic.
- GC62770 2-Amino-5-ureidopentanoic acid 2-Amino-5-ureidopentanoic acid is an endogenous metabolite.
- GC38260 2-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid 2-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid is an endogenous metabolite.
- GC52029 2-Aminoflubendazole
- GC38321 2-Aminopyrimidin-5-ol
-
GC16403
2-Arachidonoyl Glycerol
An endogenous agonist of the cannabinoid (CB) receptors CB1 and CB2
- GC60471 2-Benzylsuccinic acid 2-Benzylsuccinic acid (DL-Benzylsuccinic acid) is an potent inhibitor of carboxypeptidase A (CPA).
- GC46539 2-Chloroadenine A heterocyclic building block
- GC11553 2-cyano-Pyrimidine cathepsin K inhibitor
- GC10408 2-D08 Sumoylation inhibitor
- GC40675 2-deoxy-Artemisinin 2-deoxy-Artemisinin is an inactive metabolite of the antimalarial agent artemisinin.
- GC12850 2-Deoxy-D-ribose 2-Deoxy-D-ribose is an endogenous metabolite.
- GC11642 2-Deoxyadenosine 2-Deoxyadenosine is a nucleoside adenosine derivative, pairing with deoxythymidine (T) in double-stranded DNA.
- GC17478 2-Deoxycytidine A deoxyribonucleoside
- GC11581 2-Deoxyinosine A nucleoside form of hypoxanthine
- GC13571 2-Deoxyuridine A pyrimidine nucleoside
- GC60472 2-Ethylpyrazine
- GC31632 2-Furoic acid (Furan-2-carboxylic acid) 2-Furoic acid (Furan-2-carboxylic acid) (Furan-2-carboxylic acid) is an organic compound produced through furfural oxidation.
- GC33645 2-Guanidinoacetic acid 2-Guanidinoacetic acid (Guanidinoacetic acid), a precursor of creatine, is a replacement of dietary arginine and could support overall energy homeostasis of the bird.
- GC11804 2-Guanidinoethylmercaptosuccinic Acid 2-Guanidinoethylmercaptosuccinic Acid (2-Guanidinoethylmercaptosuccinic acid) is a potent specific inhibitor of carboxypeptidase B-like processing enzyme (encephalin convertase) with the Ki value of 8.8 nM.
- GC12545 2-HBA indirect inducer of enzymes that catalyze detoxification reactions through the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway.
- GC35090 2-Hydroxy atorvastatin calcium salt An active metabolite of atorvastatin
- GC60474 2-Hydroxy atorvastatin lactone 2-Hydroxy atorvastatin lactone is a metabolite of Atorvastatin.
- GC31544 2-Hydroxy-2-methylbutanoic acid 2-Hydroxy-2-methylbutanoic acid, an unusual metabolite, is associated with 2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria and maple syrup urine disease.
- GC38281 2-Hydroxy-2-phenylacetic acid 2-Hydroxy-2-phenylacetic acid ((±)-2-Hydroxy-2-phenylacetic acid), an alpha-hydroxycarboxylic acid, has been widely used as an intermediate of pharmaceutical and fine chemicals.
- GC31222 2-Hydroxy-3-methylbutanoic acid 2-Hydroxy-3-methylbutanoic acid is a close structure analogue of GHB, which is a naturally occurring neurotransmitter and a psychoactive drug.
- GC30564 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde A phenol with diverse biological activities
- GC60475 2-Hydroxy-4-methylbenzaldehyde 2-Hydroxy-4-methylbenzaldehyde is an endogenous metabolite.
- GC30612 2-Hydroxyadipic acid 2-Hydroxyadipic acid is an organic acid, formed by the reduction of 2-ketoadipic acid.
- GC64336 2-Hydroxyemodin 2-Hydroxyemodin is an active metabolite of emodin in the hepatic microsomes.
- GC38190 2-Hydroxyhexanoic acid 2-Hydroxyhexanoic acid is an endogenous metabolite.
- GC19715 2-hydroxyisobutyrate 2-hydroxyisobutyrate is an endogenous metabolite.
-
GC68519
2-Hydroxyisobutyric acid-d6
2-Hydroxyisobutyric acid-d6 is the deuterated form of 2-Hydroxyisobutyric acid. 2-Hydroxyisobutyric acid is an endogenous metabolic product.
- GC60476 2-hydroxymethyl benzoic acid 2-Hydroxymethyl benzoic acid is an endogenous metabolite.
- GC33742 2-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid 2-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is a potential biomarker for the food products, and found to be associated with phenylketonuria (PKU).
- GC30136 2-Ketoglutaric acid An intermediate in the citric acid cycle
- GC39761 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole
- GC34179 2-Methoxybenzoic acid (NSC 3778) 2-Methoxybenzoic acid (NSC 3778) (NSC 3778) is used as an internal standard of salicylic acid and its putative biosynthetic precursors in cucumber leaves. Another known use is in the synthesis of Benextramine.
- GC15084 2-Methoxyestradiol (2-MeOE2) 2-Methoxyestradiol (2-MeOE2/2-Me) is a HIF-1α inhibitor that inhibits HIF-1α accumulation and HIF transcriptional activity. 2-Methoxyestradiol can trigger p53-induced apoptosis and has potential antitumor activity..
- GC33810 2-Methoxyestrone An active metabolite of estrone
- GC39776 2-Methylacetophenone
- GC60477 2-Methylbenzaldehyde 2-Methylbenzaldehyde is an endogenous metabolite.
- GC60478 2-Methylbenzoxazole
- GC60479 2-Methylcitric acid An endogenous tricarboxylic acid
- GC60480 2-Methylcitric acid trisodium 2-Methylcitric acid trisodium (Methylcitric acid trisodium) is an endogenous metabolite in the 2-methylcitric acid cycle.
- GC62779 2-Methylcyclohexanone
-
GC30671
2-Methylpentanedioic acid
2-Methylpentanedioic acid is a metabolite of succinic acid, a citric acid cycle intermediate.
-
GC31435
2-Methylsuccinic acid
2-Methylsuccinic acid is a normal metabolite in human fluids and the main biochemical measurable features in ethylmalonic encephalopathy.
- GC60481 2-Methylvaleric acid 2-Methylvaleric acid (2-Methylpentanoic acid) is a short-chain fatty acid isolated from Campomanesia adamantium and dairy products.
- GC17937 2-MPPA glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCP II) inhibitor
- GC30720 2-Naphthol 2-Naphthol is a metabolite of naphthalene, catalyzed by cytochrome P450 (CYP) isozymes (CYP 1A1, CYP 1A2, CYP 2A1, CYP 2E1 and CYP 2F2).
- GC39845 2-Naphthoxyacetic acid 2-Naphthoxyacetic acid is an endogenous metabolite.
- GC39527 2-O-Methylcytosine 2-O-Methylcytosine, an O-alkylated analogue a DNA adduct, is the damaged nucleobase.
- GC42189 2-oxo Clopidogrel 2-oxo Clopidogrel is an intermediary metabolite of clopidogrel.
- GC30622 2-Oxo-3-phenylpropanoic acid 2-Oxo-3-phenylpropanoic acid is used in the synthesis of 3-phenyllactic acid (PLA) by lactate dehydrogenase.
-
GC30629
2-Oxobutanoic acid
2-Oxobutanoic acid is a product in the enzymatic cleavage of cystathionine.
- GC38276 2-Oxosuccinic acid 2-Oxosuccinic acid (2-Oxosuccinic acid) is a metabolic intermediate involved in several ways, such as citric acid cycle, gluconeogenesis, the urea cycle, the glyoxylate cycle, amino acid synthesis, and fatty acid synthesis.
-
GC30713
2-Oxovaleric acid
2-Oxovaleric acid is a keto acid that is found in human blood.
- GC60018 2-Phenylacetaldehyde 2-Phenylacetaldehyde is an endogenous metabolite.
- GC60483 2-Phenylacetamide
- GC62784 2-Phenylbutanoic acid 2-Phenylbutanoic acid is an endogenous metabolite.
- GC60485 2-Phenylglycine 2-Phenylglycine (DL-α-Phenylglycine) is a metabolite in breast milk during the W2 to W4 lactation period.