Proteases
Proteases is a general term for a class of enzymes that hydrolyze protein peptide chains. According to the way they degrade polypeptides, they are divided into two categories: endopeptidases and telopeptidases. The former can cut the large molecular weight polypeptide chain from the middle to form prions and peptones with smaller molecular weights; the latter can be divided into carboxypeptidase and aminopeptidase, which respectively remove the peptide from the free carboxyl terminus or free amino terminus of the polypeptide one by one. Chain hydrolysis produces amino acids.
A general term for a class of enzymes that hydrolyze peptide bonds in proteins. According to the way they hydrolyze polypeptides, they can be divided into endopeptidases and exopeptidases. Endopeptidase cleaves the interior of the protein molecule to form smaller molecular weight peptones and peptones. Exopeptidase hydrolyzes peptide bonds one by one from the end of the free amino group or carboxyl group of protein molecules, and frees amino acids, the former is aminopeptidase and the latter is carboxypeptidase. Proteases can be classified into serine proteases, sulfhydryl proteases, metalloproteases and aspartic proteases according to their active centers and optimum pH. According to the optimum pH value of its reaction, it is divided into acidic protease, neutral protease and alkaline protease. The proteases used in industrial production are mainly endopeptidases.
Proteases are widely found in animal offal, plant stems and leaves, fruits and microorganisms. Microbial proteases are mainly produced by molds and bacteria, followed by yeast and actinomycetes.
Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of proteins. There are many kinds, the important ones are pepsin, trypsin, cathepsin, papain and subtilisin. Proteases have strict selectivity for the reaction substrates they act on. A protease can only act on certain peptide bonds in protein molecules, such as the peptide bonds formed by the hydrolysis of basic amino acids catalyzed by trypsin. Proteases are widely distributed, mainly in the digestive tract of humans and animals, and are abundant in plants and microorganisms. Due to limited animal and plant resources, the industrial production of protease preparations is mainly prepared by fermentation of microorganisms such as Bacillus subtilis and Aspergillus terrestris.
Targets for Proteases
- Caspase(114)
- Aminopeptidase(24)
- ACE(74)
- Calpains(20)
- Carboxypeptidase(10)
- Cathepsin(81)
- DPP-4(31)
- Elastase(26)
- Gamma Secretase(67)
- HCV Protease(59)
- HSP(113)
- HIV Integrase(37)
- HIV Protease(47)
- MMP(228)
- NS3/4a protease(8)
- Serine Protease(18)
- Thrombin(58)
- Urokinase(4)
- Cysteine Protease(0)
- Other Proteases(18)
- Tyrosinases(47)
- 15-PGDH(1)
- Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase(13)
- Acyltransferase(59)
- Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH)(28)
- Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetase(9)
- ATGL(1)
- Dipeptidyl Peptidase(56)
- Drug Metabolite(457)
- E1/E2/E3 Enzyme(90)
- Endogenous Metabolite(1636)
- FABP(30)
- Farnesyl Transferase(23)
- Glutaminase(14)
- Glutathione Peroxidase(14)
- Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (IDH)(28)
- Lactate Dehydrogenase(17)
- Lipoxygenase(234)
- Mitochondrial Metabolism(207)
- NEDD8-activating Enzyme(7)
- Neprilysin(12)
- PAI-1(13)
- Ser/Thr Protease(41)
- Tryptophan Hydroxylase(13)
- Xanthine Oxidase(18)
- MALT1(10)
- PCSK9(1)
Products for Proteases
- Cat.No. Nom du produit Informations
- GC49118 10-hydroxy Warfarin A metabolite of (R)-warfarin
- GC33800 10Z-Nonadecenoic acid L'acide 10Z-nonadécénoÏque est une sorte d'acide gras À longue chaÎne ayant une activité anti-tumorale.
- GC40368 11(R)-HEPE 11(R)-HEPE is produced by the oxidation of EPA by 11(R)-LO.
- GC40445 11(R)-HETE 11(R)-HETE is biosynthesized by 11(R)-LOs of the sea urchin, S.
- GC39223 11-Beta-hydroxyandrostenedione La 11-bêta-hydroxyandrostènedione (4-androsten-11β-ol-3,17-dione) est un stéroÏde principalement présent dans l'origine surrénalienne (la 11β-hydroxylase est présente dans le tissu surrénal, mais absente dans le tissu ovarien).
- GC40730 11-cis Vaccenyl Acetate L'acétate de vaccényle 11-cis est un lipide spécifique aux mâles qui médie le comportement d'agrégation chez les mouches mâles et femelles, ce qui active quelques dizaines de neurones olfactifs situés dans la sensille T1 sur l'antenne des mouches mâles et femelles.
-
GC40394
11-deoxy Corticosterone
11-désoxy Corticostérone est une hormone stéroïde produite par la glande surrénale qui possède une activité minéralocorticoïde et agit comme précurseur de l'aldostérone.
- GC10821 11-keto-β-Boswellic Acid L'acide 11-céto-bêta-boswellique (11-céto-β -acide boswellique) est un acide triterpénique pentacyclique de la résine d'oléogume de l'écorce de l'arbre dentelé Boswellia, populairement connu sous le nom d'encens indien. L'acide 11-céto-bêta-boswellique a une activité anti-inflammatoire principalement due À l'inhibition de la 5-lipoxygénase (5-LOX) et de l'activation ultérieure des leucotriènes et du facteur nucléaire kappa B (NF-κ B) et de la génération alpha du facteur de nécrose tumorale production.
- GC61538 11-Oxo etiocholanolone 11-Oxo étiocholanolone (11-Ketoetiocholanolone) est un métabolite de l'étiocholanolone.
- GC41144 11-trans Leukotriene C4 11-trans Leukotriene C4 (11-trans LTC4) is a C-11 double bond isomer of LTC4.
- GC41147 11-trans Leukotriene D4 11-trans Leukotriene D4 (11-trans LTD4) is a C-11 double bond isomer of LTD4.
- GC41149 11-trans Leukotriene E4 Le 11-trans leucotriène E4 est un isomère du leucotriène E4 (LTE4).
- GC63796 116-9e 116-9e (MAL2-11B) est un inhibiteur de l'ADNJA1 co-chaperon Hsp70.
- GC34016 11beta-Hydroxyprogesterone (11β-Hydroxyprogesterone) La 11bêta-hydroxyprogestérone (11&bêta ;-hydroxyprogestérone) est un puissant inhibiteur de la 11β ;-hydroxystéroÏde déshydrogénase ; active également le récepteur minéralocorticoÏde humain dans les cellules COS-7 avec une DE50 de 10 nM.
- GC40447 12(R)-HETE Biosynthesis of 12(R)-HETE in invertebrates is via lipoxygenation of arachidonic acid.
- GC40371 12(S)-HEPE 12(S)-HEPE is a monohydroxy fatty acid synthesized from EPA by the action of 12-LO.
-
GC40448
12(S)-HETE
12(S)-HETE is the predominant lipoxygenase product of mammalian platelets.
- GC41882 12(S)-HETrE 12(S)-HETrE is produced by 12-lipoxygenase oxidation of dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA).
-
GC41095
12(S)-HpEPE
12(S)-HpEPE is a monohydroperoxy polyunsaturated fatty acid produced by the action of 12-lipoxygenase on eicosapentaenoic acid.
- GC41122 12(S)-HpETE 12(S)-HpETE is a monohydroperoxy polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) produced by the action of platelet or leukocyte 12-lipoxygenase (12-LO) on arachidonic acid.
- GC41123 12-epi Leukotriene B4 Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) compounds are produced by both enzymatic and non-enzymatic processes.
- GC45962 12-hydroxy Lauric Acid L'acide 12-hydroxylaurique est un métabolite endogène.
- GC60443 12-Ketodeoxycholic acid L'acide 12-cétodésoxycholique est un acide biliaire, métabolite du rein.
- GC41096 12-oxo Leukotriene B4 Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is a dihydroxy fatty acid derived from arachidonic acid through the 5-LO pathway.
- GC46418 12-oxo-13-HOME An oxylipin
- GC40372 12-OxoETE 12-OxoETE is synthesized by human platelets and Aplysia nervous tissue after incubation with arachidonic acid.
- GC19462 13(R)-HODE 13(R)-HODE is the opposite enantiomer of the 13(S)-HODE produced when linoleic acid is incubated with soybean lipoxygenase.
- GC19463 13(S)-HODE 13(S)-HODE (13(S)-HODE), le produit du métabolisme de la 15-lipoxygénase (15-LOX) de l'acide linoléique, fonctionne comme le ligand endogène pour activer PPARγ.
- GC41220 13(S)-HODE methyl ester 13(S)-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (13(S)-HODE) is a 15-lipoxygenase metabolite of linoleic acid produced in endothelial cells, leukocytes, and tumor cells.
- GC41896 13(S)-HODE-biotin 13(S)-HODE is the lipoxygenase metabolite of linoleic acid.
- GC46420 13(S)-HODE-d4 An internal standard for the quantification of 13-HODE
- GC41897 13(S)-HOTrE 13(S)-HOTrE is the 15-lipoxygenase (15-LO) product of linolenic acid.
- GC41898 13(S)-HOTrE(γ) 13(S)-HOTrE(γ) is the 15-LO product of γ-linolenic acid.
- GC19474 13(S)-HpODE 13(S)-HpODE is produced by the oxidation of linoleic acid by lipoxygenase-1 (LO-1) in many plants including soybean, flaxseed, apples, and tea leaves,1,2 and by 15-LO in mammals.
-
GC41899
13(S)-HpOTrE
13(S)-HpOTrE is a monohydroperoxy polyunsaturated fatty acid produced in soybeans by the action of soybean LO-2 on esterified α-linolenic acid.
- GC41900 13(S)-HpOTrE(γ) 13(S)-HpOTrE(γ) is a monohydroxy PUFA produced by the action of soybean lipoxygenase-1 (LO-1) on γ-linolenic acid.
- GC62758 13-cis-Vitamin A palmitate Le palmitate de 13-cis-vitamine A (palmitate de 13-cis-rétinyle) est un isomère 13-cis formé par le palmitate de vitamine A dans les flocons de maÏs.
- GC41911 13-epi-12-oxo Phytodienoic Acid 13-epi-12-oxo Phytodienoic acid (13-epi-12-oxo PDA) is a lipoxygenase metabolite of α-linolenic acid in the leaves of green plants such as corn.
- GC49759 13C17-Mycophenolic Acid An internal standard for the quantification of mycophenolic acid
- GC41206 14(S)-HDHA La 14(S)-HDHA (14(S)-HDoHE) est un produit d'oxygénation de l'acide docosahexaénoÏque (DHA).
- GC41100 14,15-dehydro Leukotriene B4 Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is a dihydroxy fatty acid derived from arachidonic acid through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.
- GC41145 14,15-Leukotriene C4 Leukotrienes (LTs) are a group of acute inflammatory mediators derived from arachidonic acid in leukocytes.
- GC41148 14,15-Leukotriene D4 14,15-Leukotriene D4 (14,15-LTD4) is a member of an alternate class of LTs synthesized by a pathway involving the dual actions of 15- and 12-lipoxygenases (15- and 12-LOs) on arachidonic acid via 15-HpETE and 14,15-LTA4 intermediates.
- GC41150 14,15-Leukotriene E4 Leukotrienes (LTs) are a group of acute inflammatory mediators derived from arachidonic acid in leukocytes.
-
GC41415
15(R)-Lipoxin A4
Lipid-derived lipoxins are produced at the site of vascular and mucosal inflammation where they down-regulate polymorphonuclear leukocyte recruitment and function.
- GC40427 15(S)-HEDE 15(S)-HEDE is produced from 11Z,14Z-eicosadienoic acid by 15-LO.
- GC40373 15(S)-HEPE 15(S)-HEPE is a monohydroxy fatty acid synthesized from EPA by the action of 15-LO.
- GC40451 15(S)-HETE 15(S)-HETE is a major arachidonic acid metabolite from the 15-lipoxygenase pathway.
- GC41925 15(S)-HETE Ethanolamide Arachidonoyl ethanolamide was the first endogenous cannabinoid (CB) to be isolated and characterized as an agonist acting on the same receptors (CB1 and CB2) as THC.
- GC40839 15(S)-HETE methyl ester 15(S)-HETE methyl ester is a synthetic derivative of 15(S)-HETE, a major arachidonic acid metabolite from the 15-lipoxygenase pathway.
- GC46442 15(S)-HETE-d8 An internal standard for the quantification of 15-HETE
- GC49894 15(S)-HETE-d8 ethyl ester An internal standard for the quantification of 15(S)-HETE ethyl ester
- GC41927 15(S)-HETrE 15(S)-HETrE is the hydroxy-trienoic acid resulting from 15-lipoxygenation of dihomo-γ-linolenic acid.
-
GC41403
15(S)-HpEDE
15(S)-HpEDE is a monohydroperoxy polyunsaturated fatty acid produced by the action of 15-lipoxygenase on eicosadienoic acid.
-
GC41101
15(S)-HpEPE
15(S)-HpEPE is a monohydroperoxy polyunsaturated fatty acid produced by the action of 15-lipoxygenase on eicosapentaenoic acid.
-
GC41124
15(S)-HpETE
15(S)-HpETE is a monohydroperoxy polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) produced by the action of 15-lipoxygenase (15-LO) on arachidonic acid.
- GC11988 15-acetoxy Scirpenol Le 15-acétoxyscirpénol, l'une des mycotoxines du groupement acétoxyscirpénol (ASM), induit fortement l'apoptose et inhibe la croissance des lymphocytes T Jurkat de manière dose-dépendante en activant d'autres caspases indépendantes de la caspase-3.
- GC19442 15-Acetyldeoxy Nivalenol Le 15-acétyldésoxy nivalénol est un trichothécène hautement toxique présent dans les céréales, et un métabolite du désoxynivalénol, présente une toxicité pour les cellules HepG2.
- GC41937 15-keto-17-phenyl trinor Prostaglandin F2α ethyl amide Bimatoprost is the Allergan trade name for 17-phenyl trinor prostaglandin F2α ethyl amide (17-phenyl trinor PGF2α ethyl amide), an F-series PG analog which has been approved for use as an ocular hypotensive drug.
- GC41938 15-Lipoxygenase Inhibitor 1 L'inhibiteur de 15-lipoxygénase 1 est un inhibiteur sélectif de la 15-lipoxygénase, avec une CI50 de 18 μM. L'inhibiteur de la 15-lipoxygénase 1 a des CI50 de 19,5 μM et 19,1 μM pour la 15-lipoxygénase de soja (SLO) et la 15-lipoxygénase-1 humaine (15-LOX-1), respectivement. L'inhibiteur de la 15-lipoxygénase 1 a un potentiel pour la recherche sur le cancer de la prostate.
- GC41940 15-OxoEDE 15-OxoEDE is produced by the oxidation of 15-HEDE.
- GC40376 15-OxoETE 15-OxoETE is produced by oxidation of the 15-hydroxyl of 15-HETE.
- GC41309 16α-hydroxy Prednisolone 16α-hydroxy Prednisolone est un métabolite stéréosélectif de l'épimère 22(R) du budésonide glucocorticoÏde via les enzymes du cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A).
- GC35058 16-Dehydroprogesterone La 16-déhydroprogestérone est un progestatif stéroïdien.
- GC46451 16F16 A PDI inhibitor
- GC45909 17α-hydroxy Pregnenolone 1α-hydroxy Pregnenolone est un stéroÏde pregnane.
- GC41300 17β-hydroxy Exemestane 17β-hydroxy Exemestane is the primary active metabolite of exemestane.
-
GC41951
17(R)-Resolvin D1
Resolvins are a family of potent lipid mediators derived from both eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid.
- GC41227 17(R)-Resolvin D1 methyl ester 17(R)-Resolvin D1 (17(R)-RvD1) is an aspirin-triggered epimer of RvD1 that reduces human polymorphonuclear leukocyte transendothelial migration, the earliest event in acute inflammation, with equipotency to RvD1 (EC50 = ~30 nM).
- GC41952 17(R)-Resolvin D4 17(R)-Resolvin D4 (17(R)-RvD4) is an aspirin-triggered epimer of RvD4 .
- GC41208 17(S)-HDHA 17(S)-HDHA is a primary mono-oxygenation product of docosahexaenoic acid in human whole blood, human leukocytes, and mouse brain.
- GC49356 17(S)-HDoTE A metabolite of adrenic acid
- GC40975 17(S)-HpDHA 17(S)-HpDHA is a mono-oxygenation product of docosahexaenoic acid in human whole blood, human leukocytes, human glial cells, and mouse brain.
- GC11720 17-AAG (KOS953) An inhibitor of Hsp90
- GC17210 17-AAG Hydrochloride Hsp90 inhibitor,geldanamycin analogue
- GC41955 17-DMAG 17-DMAG (17-DMAG) est un puissant inhibiteur de Hsp90, se liant À Hsp90 avec une CE50 de 62 ± ; 29 nM.
- GC13044 17-DMAG (Alvespimycin) HCl Le 17-DMAG (alvespimycine) HCl (chlorhydrate de 17-DMAG ; KOS-1022 ; BMS 826476) est un puissant inhibiteur de Hsp90, se liant À Hsp90 avec une EC50 de 62± ; 29 nM.
- GC41529 17-oxo-4(Z),7(Z),10(Z),13(Z),15(E),19(Z)-Docosahexaenoic Acid 17-oxo-4(Z),7(Z),10(Z),13(Z),15(E),19(Z)-Docosahexaenoic acid is a metabolite of lipoxygenase-mediated oxidation of DHA that is produced endogenously by aspirin-enhanced COX-2 activity.
- GC41209 17-oxo-7(Z),10(Z),13(Z),15(E),19(Z)-Docosapentaenoic Acid Docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) is a ω-3 fatty acid found in fish oils.
- GC68426 17a-Hydroxypregnenolone-d3
- GC35061 18α-Glycyrrhetinic acid 18α-L'acide glycyrrhétinique, un composé dérivé de l'alimentation, est un inhibiteur de NF-kB et un activateur du protéasome, qui sert de facteur de pro-longévité et d'anti-agrégation dans un organisme multicellulaire.
- GC41980 18-carboxy dinor Leukotriene B4 18-carboxy dinor Leukotriene B4 (18-carboxy dinor LTB4) is a β-oxidation metabolite of LTB4.
- GC33818 18-Hydroxycorticosterone La 18-hydroxycorticostérone est un corticostéroÏde et un dérivé de la corticostérone, qui peut entraÎner de graves déséquilibres électrolytiques.
- GC63603 19-Hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione
- GC39296 1G244 1G244 est un puissant inhibiteur de DPP8/9 avec des IC50 de 12 nM et 84 nM, respectivement. 1G244 n'inhibe pas DPPIV et DPPII. 1G244 induit l'apoptose dans les cellules de myélome multiple et a des effets anti-myélome.
- GC38359 1H-pyrazole Le 1H-pyrazole est un métabolite endogène.
- GC49823 2′-C-β-Methylguanosine An active nucleoside metabolite of BMS-986094
- GC64738 2′-Deoxyadenosine 5′-monophosphate disodium &2#8242;-Déoxyadénosine 5′-monophosphate disodique, un dérivé de l'acide nucléique AMP, est un désoxyribonucléotide présent dans l'ADN.
- GC62772 2’-Deoxyadenosine-5’-triphosphate trisodium &2rsquo;-Déoxyadénosine-5’-triphosphate trisodique (dATP trisodique) est un nucléotide utilisé dans les cellules pour la synthèse (ou la réplication) de l'ADN, en tant que substrat de l'ADN polymérase.
- GC62774 2’-Deoxyguanosine 5’-monophosphate disodium &2rsquo;-Deoxyguanosine 5’-monophosphate disodique (5′-dGMP disodique) est un mononucléotide ayant la guanine comme base nucléique.
- GC46508 2',2'-Difluoro-2'-deoxyuridine An active metabolite of gemcitabine
- GC33622 2',4'-Dihydroxyacetophenone La 2',4'-dihydroxyacétophénone (résacétophénone) est une acétophénone portant des substituants hydroxy aux positions 2' et 4'.
- GC60462 2',4'-Dimethylacetophenone
- GC33605 2'-Deoxyadenosine monohydrate Le monohydrate de 2'-désoxyadénosine est un désoxyribonucléoside.
- GC38258 2'-Deoxyadenosine-5'-monophosphate Le 2′-désoxyadénosine 5′-monophosphate, un dérivé de l'acide nucléique AMP, est un désoxyribonucléotide présent dans l'ADN.
- GC42150 2'-Deoxycytidine 5'-diphosphate (sodium salt hydrate) 2'-Deoxycytidine-5'-diphosphate (dCDP) trisodique est un métabolite endogène.
- GC17436 2'-Deoxycytidine-5'-monophosphoric acid L'acide 2'-désoxycytidine-5'-monophosphorique est un métabolite endogène.
- GC48440 2'-Deoxycytidine-5'-triphosphate (sodium salt) 2'-Deoxycytidine-5'-triphosphate (sel de sodium) (dCTP sel trisodique) est un nucléoside triphosphate qui peut être utilisé pour la synthèse d'ADN.
- GC10897 2'-Deoxyguanosine La 2'-désoxyguanosine (désoxyguanosine) est composée de la guanine nucléoside purique liée par son azote N9 au carbone C1 du désoxyribose.
- GC38191 2'-Deoxyguanosine monohydrate Le monohydrate de 2'-désoxyguanosine est un métabolite endogène.