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Home >> Signaling Pathways >> Proteases

Proteases

Proteases is a general term for a class of enzymes that hydrolyze protein peptide chains. According to the way they degrade polypeptides, they are divided into two categories: endopeptidases and telopeptidases. The former can cut the large molecular weight polypeptide chain from the middle to form prions and peptones with smaller molecular weights; the latter can be divided into carboxypeptidase and aminopeptidase, which respectively remove the peptide from the free carboxyl terminus or free amino terminus of the polypeptide one by one. Chain hydrolysis produces amino acids.

A general term for a class of enzymes that hydrolyze peptide bonds in proteins. According to the way they hydrolyze polypeptides, they can be divided into endopeptidases and exopeptidases. Endopeptidase cleaves the interior of the protein molecule to form smaller molecular weight peptones and peptones. Exopeptidase hydrolyzes peptide bonds one by one from the end of the free amino group or carboxyl group of protein molecules, and frees amino acids, the former is aminopeptidase and the latter is carboxypeptidase. Proteases can be classified into serine proteases, sulfhydryl proteases, metalloproteases and aspartic proteases according to their active centers and optimum pH. According to the optimum pH value of its reaction, it is divided into acidic protease, neutral protease and alkaline protease. The proteases used in industrial production are mainly endopeptidases.

Proteases are widely found in animal offal, plant stems and leaves, fruits and microorganisms. Microbial proteases are mainly produced by molds and bacteria, followed by yeast and actinomycetes.

Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of proteins. There are many kinds, the important ones are pepsin, trypsin, cathepsin, papain and subtilisin. Proteases have strict selectivity for the reaction substrates they act on. A protease can only act on certain peptide bonds in protein molecules, such as the peptide bonds formed by the hydrolysis of basic amino acids catalyzed by trypsin. Proteases are widely distributed, mainly in the digestive tract of humans and animals, and are abundant in plants and microorganisms. Due to limited animal and plant resources, the industrial production of protease preparations is mainly prepared by fermentation of microorganisms such as Bacillus subtilis and Aspergillus terrestris.

Targets for  Proteases

Products for  Proteases

  1. Cat.No. Product Name Information
  2. GC16812 3-Methylglutaric acid A metabolite of L-leucine 3-Methylglutaric acid Chemical Structure
  3. GC62795 3-Methylhistamine dihydrochloride 3-Methylhistamine dihydrochloride is a degradation product of histamine. 3-Methylhistamine dihydrochloride Chemical Structure
  4. GC38297 3-Methylindolin-2-one 3-Methylindolin-2-one Chemical Structure
  5. GC33525 3-Methyluridine 3-Methyluridine (N3-Methyluridine) is a modified RNA nucleoside. 3-Methyluridine Chemical Structure
  6. GC62796 3-Methylvaleric Acid 3-Methylvaleric Acid is a flavouring ingredient. 3-Methylvaleric Acid Chemical Structure
  7. GC30635 3-Methylxanthine A cGMP PDE inhibitor and metabolite of theophylline and caffeine 3-Methylxanthine Chemical Structure
  8. GC64078 3-O-Acetyl-11-hydroxy-beta-boswellic acid 3-O-Acetyl-11-hydroxy-beta-boswellic acid is a potent 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) inhibitor. 3-O-Acetyl-11-hydroxy-beta-boswellic acid Chemical Structure
  9. GC61717 3-O-Ethyl-L-ascorbic acid A tyrosinase inhibitor 3-O-Ethyl-L-ascorbic acid Chemical Structure
  10. GC42307 3-O-methyl-L-DOPA (hydrate) 3-O-methyl-L-DOPA is a metabolite of L-DOPA, produced by the activity of catechol O-methyltransferase. 3-O-methyl-L-DOPA (hydrate) Chemical Structure
  11. GC60505 3-O-Methyldopa 3-O-Methyldopa (3-Methoxy-L-tyrosine) is a metabolite of L-DOPA which is formed by catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT). 3-O-Methyldopa Chemical Structure
  12. GC60506 3-O-Methyldopa D3 3-O-Methyldopa D3 (3-Methoxy-L-tyrosine-d3) is deuterium labeled 3-O-Methyldopa. 3-O-Methyldopa D3 Chemical Structure
  13. GC62797 3-Oxo-4,6-choladien-24-oic acid 3-Oxo-4,6-choladien-24-oic acid is an endogenous metabolite. 3-Oxo-4,6-choladien-24-oic acid Chemical Structure
  14. GC64220 3-Oxo-7-hydroxychol-4-enoic acid 3-Oxo-7-hydroxychol-4-enoic acid is an endogenous metabolite. 3-Oxo-7-hydroxychol-4-enoic acid Chemical Structure
  15. GC45339 3-Oxocholic Acid A secondary bile acid 3-Oxocholic Acid Chemical Structure
  16. GC30353 3-Oxopentanedioic acid 3-Oxopentanedioic acid is a simple dicarboxylic acid, which is well-known to be used in the tropinone synthesis. 3-Oxopentanedioic acid Chemical Structure
  17. GC62798 3-Phenylbutyric acid 3-Phenylbutyric acid is metabolized by initial oxidation of the benzene ring and by initial oxidation of the side chain. 3-Phenylbutyric acid Chemical Structure
  18. GC61582 3-Phenyltoxoflavin 3-Phenyltoxoflavin, a derivative of Toxoflavin, is an Hsp90 inhibitor, with a Kd of 585 nM for the interaction of Hsp90-TPR2A. 3-Phenyltoxoflavin has anti-cancer activity. 3-Phenyltoxoflavin Chemical Structure
  19. GC33604 3-Pyridineacetic acid 3-Pyridineacetic acid is a higher homologue of nicotinic acid, a breakdown product of nicotine (and other tobacco alkaloids). 3-Pyridineacetic acid Chemical Structure
  20. GC31553 3b-Hydroxy-5-cholenoic acid A bile acid 3b-Hydroxy-5-cholenoic acid Chemical Structure
  21. GC18817 3β-hydroxy-5-Cholestenoic Acid 3β-hydroxy-5-Cholestenoic acid is an active metabolite of cholesterol formed when cholesterol is metabolized by the cytochrome P450 (CYP) isomer CYP27A1. 3β-hydroxy-5-Cholestenoic Acid Chemical Structure
  22. GC49367 4’-hydroxy Atomoxetine Glucuronide (hydrate) A metabolite of atomoxetine 4’-hydroxy Atomoxetine Glucuronide (hydrate) Chemical Structure
  23. GC49252 4’-hydroxy Trazodone A metabolite of trazodone 4’-hydroxy Trazodone Chemical Structure
  24. GC30277 4',5-Dihydroxyflavone 4',5-Dihydroxyflavone is a soybean LOX-1 and yeast α-Glucosidase inhibitor, with an Ki of 102.6 μM for soybean LOX-1 and an IC50 of 66 μM for yeast α-glucosidase. 4',5-Dihydroxyflavone Chemical Structure
  25. GC33976 4',7-Dimethoxyisoflavone (Dimethoxydaidzein) 4',7-Dimethoxyisoflavone (Dimethoxydaidzein) is isolated from the leaves of Albizzia lebbeck, which shows antifungal activity. 4',7-Dimethoxyisoflavone (Dimethoxydaidzein) Chemical Structure
  26. GC18527 4'-hydroxy Flurbiprofen A major active metabolite of flurbiprofen 4'-hydroxy Flurbiprofen Chemical Structure
  27. GC41003 4'-O-methyl Quercetin 4'-O-methyl Quercetin (4'-O-Methyl Quercetin) is a natural flavonoid derivative of quercetin, with anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. 4'-O-methyl Quercetin Chemical Structure
  28. GC62800 4,4’-Disulfanediylbis(2-aminobutanoic acid) 4,4’-Disulfanediylbis(2-aminobutanoic acid) is an endogenous metabolite. 4,4’-Disulfanediylbis(2-aminobutanoic acid) Chemical Structure
  29. GC60510 4,4-Dimethoxy-2-butanone 4,4-Dimethoxy-2-butanone is an endogenous metabolite. 4,4-Dimethoxy-2-butanone Chemical Structure
  30. GC49752 4,5-Desisopropylidene Topiramate An inactive metabolite of topiramate 4,5-Desisopropylidene Topiramate Chemical Structure
  31. GC32483 4,6-Dioxoheptanoic acid 4,6-Dioxoheptanoic acid is a potent inhibitor of heme biosynthesis. 4,6-Dioxoheptanoic acid Chemical Structure
  32. GC31640 4-(1,2-Dihydroxyethyl)benzene-1,2-diol 4-(1,2-Dihydroxyethyl)benzene-1,2-diol, a normal norepinephrine metabolite, is found to be associated with Menkes syndrome. 4-(1,2-Dihydroxyethyl)benzene-1,2-diol Chemical Structure
  33. GC49337 4-Acetamidobenzenesulfonamide A metabolite of asulam and sulfanilamide 4-Acetamidobenzenesulfonamide Chemical Structure
  34. GC33504 4-Acetamidobutanoic acid (N-acetyl GABA) 4-Acetamidobutanoic acid (N-acetyl GABA) (N-acetyl GABA), the main metabolite of GABA, exhibits antioxidant and antibacterial activities. 4-Acetamidobutanoic acid (N-acetyl GABA) Chemical Structure
  35. GC45341 4-Amino-6-chloro-1,3-benzenedisulfonamide   4-Amino-6-chloro-1,3-benzenedisulfonamide Chemical Structure
  36. GC66484 4-Amino-L-phenylalanine hydrochloride 4-Amino-L-phenylalanine (H-Phe(4-NH2)-OH) hydrochloride is an endogenous metabolite. 4-Amino-L-phenylalanine hydrochloride Chemical Structure
  37. GC10996 4-Aminobenzoic acid NULL 4-Aminobenzoic acid Chemical Structure
  38. GC16443 4-Aminohippuric Acid typical substrate of organic anion transport systems 4-Aminohippuric Acid Chemical Structure
  39. GC39473 4-Bromo-3-hydroxybenzoic acid 4-Bromo-3-hydroxybenzoic acid is a metabolite of Brocresine and a histidine decarboxylase (HDC) inhibitor with IC50s of 1 mM for both rat fetal and rat gastric HDC. 4-Bromo-3-hydroxybenzoic acid Chemical Structure
  40. GC30513 4-Butylresorcinol (Butylresorcinol) 4-Butylresorcinol (Butylresorcinol) is a phenol derivative which can inhibit tyrosinase with IC50 of 11.27 μM. 4-Butylresorcinol (Butylresorcinol) Chemical Structure
  41. GC42351 4-carboxy TEMPO 4-carboxy TEMPO is a nitroxide and spin label. 4-carboxy TEMPO Chemical Structure
  42. GC60512 4-Carboxypyrazole 4-Carboxypyrazole is an endogenous metabolite. 4-Carboxypyrazole Chemical Structure
  43. GC49722 4-CF3-TPP-DC An inert mitochondriotropic carrier 4-CF3-TPP-DC Chemical Structure
  44. GC13337 4-Chlorophenylguanidine hydrochloride Urokinase inhibitor, potent and specific 4-Chlorophenylguanidine hydrochloride Chemical Structure
  45. GC42370 4-desmethoxy Omeprazole 4-desmethoxy Omeprazole is a potential impurity found in commercial omeprazole and esomeprazole magnesium preparations. 4-desmethoxy Omeprazole Chemical Structure
  46. GC39245 4-Diethylaminobenzaldehyde 4-Diethylaminobenzaldehyde is a reversible aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) inhibitor, with a Ki of 4 nM for ALDH1. 4-Diethylaminobenzaldehyde displays potent anti-androgenic effect (IC50= 1.71μM). 4-Diethylaminobenzaldehyde Chemical Structure
  47. GC18359 4-Epianhydrochlortetracycline (hydrochloride) 4-Epianhydrochlortetracycline is a derivative of tetracycline . 4-Epianhydrochlortetracycline (hydrochloride) Chemical Structure
  48. GC18194 4-Epidoxycycline 4-Epidoxycycline is the 4-epimer hepatic metabolite of the antibiotic doxycycline . 4-Epidoxycycline Chemical Structure
  49. GC60514 4-Ethoxyphenol 4-Ethoxyphenol is an endogenous metabolite. 4-Ethoxyphenol Chemical Structure
  50. GC60515 4-Ethylbenzaldehyde 4-Ethylbenzaldehyde Chemical Structure
  51. GC30600 4-Ethylphenol 4-Ethylphenol is a volatile phenolic compound associated with off-odour in wine. 4-Ethylphenol Chemical Structure
  52. GC60516 4-Ethynyl-L-phenylalanine hydrochloride 4-Ethynyl-L-phenylalanine hydrochloride (4-Ethynyl-L-phenylalanine hydrochloride) is a potent, selective, reversible and competitive inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), with a Ki of 32.6 μM. 4-Ethynyl-L-phenylalanine hydrochloride Chemical Structure
  53. GC62803 4-Formylaminoantipyrine 4-Formylaminoantipyrine?is an excreted metabolite of?aminophenazone. 4-Formylaminoantipyrine Chemical Structure
  54. GC30630 4-Guanidinobutanoic acid

    4-Guanidinobutanoic acid is a normal metabolite present in low concentrations.

     4-Guanidinobutanoic acid Chemical Structure
  55. GC40097 4-HOBA 4-HOBA is an endogenous metabolite. 4-HOBA Chemical Structure
  56. GC42401 4-hydroperoxy Cyclophosphamide An activated analog of cyclophosphamide 4-hydroperoxy Cyclophosphamide Chemical Structure
  57. GC42405 4-hydroxy Atorvastatin (calcium salt) 4-hydroxy Atorvastatin is a metabolite of atorvastatin, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor present in formulations that have been used to treat hypercholesterolemia and certain dyslipidemias. 4-hydroxy Atorvastatin (calcium salt) Chemical Structure
  58. GC18425 4-hydroxy Atorvastatin lactone

    4-hydroxy Atorvastatin lactone is a metabolite of atorvastatin , an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor present in formulations that have been used to treat hypercholesterolemia and certain dyslipidemias.

     4-hydroxy Atorvastatin lactone Chemical Structure
  59. GC42407 4-hydroxy Diclofenac

    4-hydroxy Diclofenac is a CYP2C9 metabolite of the NSAID diclofenac.

     4-hydroxy Diclofenac Chemical Structure
  60. GC42410 4-hydroxy Nonenal

    A lipid peroxidation product

     4-hydroxy Nonenal Chemical Structure
  61. GC49575 4-hydroxy Omeprazole sulfide A metabolite of omeprazole 4-hydroxy Omeprazole sulfide Chemical Structure
  62. GC40879 4-hydroxy Solifenacin N-oxide 4-hydroxy Solifenacin N-oxide is an N-oxide form of 4-hydroxy solifenacin, the major metabolite of solifenacin . 4-hydroxy Solifenacin N-oxide Chemical Structure
  63. GC42415 4-hydroxy Valsartan 4-hydroxy Valsartan is a major metabolite of the angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor antagonist valsartan. 4-hydroxy Valsartan Chemical Structure
  64. GC18417 4-hydroxy Xylazine 4-hydroxy Xylazine is a metabolite of xylazine . 4-hydroxy Xylazine Chemical Structure
  65. GC33656 4-Hydroxy-3-methylbenzoic acid 4-Hydroxy-3-methylbenzoic acid is a normal organic acid identified in urine specimens from a healthy population. 4-Hydroxy-3-methylbenzoic acid Chemical Structure
  66. GC11270 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid A phenolic acid 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid Chemical Structure
  67. GC60518 4-Hydroxybenzyl cyanide 4-Hydroxybenzyl cyanide Chemical Structure
  68. GC35131 4-Hydroxycoumarin A coumarin 4-Hydroxycoumarin Chemical Structure
  69. GC33610 4-Hydroxycyclohexanecarboxylic acid 4-Hydroxycyclohexanecarboxylic acid belongs to the class of organic compounds known as cyclohexanols. 4-Hydroxycyclohexanecarboxylic acid Chemical Structure
  70. GC39691 4-Hydroxymethylpyrazole 4-Hydroxymethylpyrazole is the primary metabolite of Fomepizole. 4-Hydroxymethylpyrazole Chemical Structure
  71. GC68055 4-Hydroxyphenyl acetate 4-Hydroxyphenyl acetate Chemical Structure
  72. GC33815 4-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid A phenolic acid with anti-inflammatory activity 4-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid Chemical Structure
  73. GC35134 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde is a naturally occurring fragrant phenolic compound. 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde Chemical Structure
  74. GC35135 4-Methoxycinnamic acid 4-Methoxycinnamic acid is detected as natural phenylpropanoid in A. 4-Methoxycinnamic acid Chemical Structure
  75. GC60521 4-Methyl-1-phenyl-2-pentanone 4-Methyl-1-phenyl-2-pentanone is an endogenous metabolite. 4-Methyl-1-phenyl-2-pentanone Chemical Structure
  76. GC31307 4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid 4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid (α-Ketoisocaproic acid), an abnormal metabolite, is both a neurotoxin and a metabotoxin. 4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid Chemical Structure
  77. GC39307 4-Methylamino antipyrine 4-Methylamino antipyrine is an active metabolite of Metamizole. 4-Methylamino antipyrine Chemical Structure
  78. GC60523 4-Methylamino antipyrine hydrochloride An active metabolite of metamizole 4-Methylamino antipyrine hydrochloride Chemical Structure
  79. GC39780 4-Methylbiphenyl 4-Methylbiphenyl Chemical Structure
  80. GC30658 4-Methylcatechol 4-Methylcatechol, a metabolite of p-toluate, is a substrate as well as a suicide inhibitor of Catechol 2,3-Dioxygenase. 4-Methylcatechol Chemical Structure
  81. GC35139 4-Methylesculetin 4-Methylesculetin is an orally active natural coumarin derivative, with potent anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. 4-Methylesculetin Chemical Structure
  82. GC64621 4-Nitrocatechol 4-Nitrocatechol is a potent lipoxygenase inhibitor. 4-Nitrocatechol Chemical Structure
  83. GC49127 4-oxo Cyclophosphamide An inactive metabolite of cyclophosphamide 4-oxo Cyclophosphamide Chemical Structure
  84. GC60524 4-Pentenoic acid 4-Pentenoic acid is an endogenous metabolite. 4-Pentenoic acid Chemical Structure
  85. GC30670 4-Pyridoxic acid A pyridoxine metabolite 4-Pyridoxic acid Chemical Structure
  86. GC60525 4-Vinylphenol (10%w/w in propylene glycol)

    4-Vinylphenol is found in the medicinal herb Hedyotis diffusa Willd, wild rice and is also the metabolite of p-coumaric and ferulic acid by lactic acid bacteria in wine. 4-Vinylphenol induces apoptosis and inhibits blood vessels formation and suppresses invasive breast tumor growth in vivo.

     4-Vinylphenol (10%w/w in propylene glycol) Chemical Structure
  87. GC35126 4-​Hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid is an intermediate in the metabolism of the amino acid phenylalanine. 4-​Hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid Chemical Structure
  88. GC60531 5α-Cholestan-3-one 5α-Cholestan-3-one is an endogenous metabolite. 5α-Cholestan-3-one Chemical Structure
  89. GC41399 5α-dihydro Levonorgestrel 5α-dihydro Levonorgestrel is a metabolite of the synthetic progestin levonorgestrel. 5α-dihydro Levonorgestrel Chemical Structure
  90. GC30669 5α-Cholestan-3β-ol (5α-Cholestanol) 5α-Cholestan-3β-ol (5α-Cholestanol) is a derivitized steroid compound. 5α-Cholestan-3β-ol (5α-Cholestanol) Chemical Structure
  91. GC38358 5'-Cytidylic acid 5'-Cytidylic acid (5'-Cytidylic acid) is a nucleotide which is used as a monomer in RNA. 5'-Cytidylic acid Chemical Structure
  92. GC33636 5'-Deoxyadenosine An adenosine analog 5'-Deoxyadenosine Chemical Structure
  93. GC35157 5'-GTP trisodium salt 5'-GTP trisodium salt (5'-GTP trisodium salt) is an activator of the signal transducing G proteins which are involved in various cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation, and activation of several intracellular kinase cascades. 5'-GTP trisodium salt Chemical Structure
  94. GC35159 5'-Guanylic acid disodium salt 5'-Guanylic acid disodium salt (5'-GMP disodium salt) is composed of guanine, ribose, and phosphate moieties and it is a nucleotide monomer in messenger RNA. 5'-Guanylic acid disodium salt Chemical Structure
  95. GC18582 5'-hydroxy Meloxicam A metabolite of meloxicam 5'-hydroxy Meloxicam Chemical Structure
  96. GC40459 5(R)-HETE 5(R)-HETE is a rare lipoxygenase product of arachidonic acid. 5(R)-HETE Chemical Structure
  97. GC41126 5(S),12(S)-DiHETE 5(S),12(S)-DiHETE is a natural bioactive lipid derived from arachidonic acid. 5(S),12(S)-DiHETE Chemical Structure
  98. GC41127 5(S),15(S)-DiHETE 5(S),15(S)-DiHETE is synthesized by 15-LO from 5(S)-HETE. 5(S),15(S)-DiHETE Chemical Structure
  99. GC41128 5(S),6(R)-11-trans DiHETE 5(S),6(R)-11-trans DiHETE is a C-11 double bond isomer of 5(S),6(R)-DiHETE that is formed by the enzymatic isomerization of 5(S),6(R)-DiHETE by a membrane bound factor. 5(S),6(R)-11-trans DiHETE Chemical Structure
  100. GC41129 5(S),6(R)-DiHETE 5(S),6(R)-DiHETE is a dihydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid and a nonenzymatic hydrolysis product of leukotriene A4 (LTA4). 5(S),6(R)-DiHETE Chemical Structure
  101. GC41131 5(S),6(S)-DiHETE 5(S),6(S)-DiHETE is one of the four diastereomeric 5,6-dihydroxy acids produced from the non-enzymatic hydrolysis of LTA4. 5(S),6(S)-DiHETE Chemical Structure

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