Proteases
Proteases is a general term for a class of enzymes that hydrolyze protein peptide chains. According to the way they degrade polypeptides, they are divided into two categories: endopeptidases and telopeptidases. The former can cut the large molecular weight polypeptide chain from the middle to form prions and peptones with smaller molecular weights; the latter can be divided into carboxypeptidase and aminopeptidase, which respectively remove the peptide from the free carboxyl terminus or free amino terminus of the polypeptide one by one. Chain hydrolysis produces amino acids.
A general term for a class of enzymes that hydrolyze peptide bonds in proteins. According to the way they hydrolyze polypeptides, they can be divided into endopeptidases and exopeptidases. Endopeptidase cleaves the interior of the protein molecule to form smaller molecular weight peptones and peptones. Exopeptidase hydrolyzes peptide bonds one by one from the end of the free amino group or carboxyl group of protein molecules, and frees amino acids, the former is aminopeptidase and the latter is carboxypeptidase. Proteases can be classified into serine proteases, sulfhydryl proteases, metalloproteases and aspartic proteases according to their active centers and optimum pH. According to the optimum pH value of its reaction, it is divided into acidic protease, neutral protease and alkaline protease. The proteases used in industrial production are mainly endopeptidases.
Proteases are widely found in animal offal, plant stems and leaves, fruits and microorganisms. Microbial proteases are mainly produced by molds and bacteria, followed by yeast and actinomycetes.
Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of proteins. There are many kinds, the important ones are pepsin, trypsin, cathepsin, papain and subtilisin. Proteases have strict selectivity for the reaction substrates they act on. A protease can only act on certain peptide bonds in protein molecules, such as the peptide bonds formed by the hydrolysis of basic amino acids catalyzed by trypsin. Proteases are widely distributed, mainly in the digestive tract of humans and animals, and are abundant in plants and microorganisms. Due to limited animal and plant resources, the industrial production of protease preparations is mainly prepared by fermentation of microorganisms such as Bacillus subtilis and Aspergillus terrestris.
Targets for Proteases
- Caspase(114)
- Aminopeptidase(24)
- ACE(74)
- Calpains(20)
- Carboxypeptidase(10)
- Cathepsin(81)
- DPP-4(31)
- Elastase(26)
- Gamma Secretase(67)
- HCV Protease(59)
- HSP(113)
- HIV Integrase(37)
- HIV Protease(47)
- MMP(228)
- NS3/4a protease(8)
- Serine Protease(18)
- Thrombin(58)
- Urokinase(4)
- Cysteine Protease(0)
- Other Proteases(18)
- Tyrosinases(47)
- 15-PGDH(1)
- Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase(13)
- Acyltransferase(59)
- Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH)(28)
- Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetase(9)
- ATGL(1)
- Dipeptidyl Peptidase(56)
- Drug Metabolite(457)
- E1/E2/E3 Enzyme(90)
- Endogenous Metabolite(1636)
- FABP(30)
- Farnesyl Transferase(23)
- Glutaminase(14)
- Glutathione Peroxidase(14)
- Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (IDH)(28)
- Lactate Dehydrogenase(17)
- Lipoxygenase(234)
- Mitochondrial Metabolism(207)
- NEDD8-activating Enzyme(7)
- Neprilysin(12)
- PAI-1(13)
- Ser/Thr Protease(41)
- Tryptophan Hydroxylase(13)
- Xanthine Oxidase(18)
- MALT1(10)
- PCSK9(1)
Products for Proteases
- Cat.No. Product Name Information
- GC49118 10-hydroxy Warfarin A metabolite of (R)-warfarin
- GC33800 10Z-Nonadecenoic acid A monounsaturated fatty acid
- GC40368 11(R)-HEPE 11(R)-HEPE is produced by the oxidation of EPA by 11(R)-LO.
- GC40445 11(R)-HETE 11(R)-HETE is biosynthesized by 11(R)-LOs of the sea urchin, S.
- GC39223 11-Beta-hydroxyandrostenedione A non-androgenic steroid
- GC40730 11-cis Vaccenyl Acetate The mating and social behaviors of insects are largely orchestrated by a suite of volatile hydrocarbon pheromones.
- GC40394 11-deoxy Corticosterone 11-deoxy Corticosterone is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal gland that possesses mineralocorticoid activity and acts as an aldosterone precursor.
- GC10821 11-keto-β-Boswellic Acid 11-Keto-beta-boswellic acid (11-Keto-β-boswellic acid) is a pentacyclic triterpenic acid of the oleogum resin from the bark of the Boswellia serrate tree, popularly known as Indian Frankincense. 11-Keto-beta-boswellic acid has the anti-inflammatory activity is primarily due to inhibit 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) and subsequent leukotriene and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation and tumor necrosis factor alpha generation production.
- GC61538 11-Oxo etiocholanolone 11-Oxo etiocholanolone (11-Ketoetiocholanolone) is a metabolite of Etiocholanolone.
- GC41144 11-trans Leukotriene C4 11-trans Leukotriene C4 (11-trans LTC4) is a C-11 double bond isomer of LTC4.
- GC41147 11-trans Leukotriene D4 11-trans Leukotriene D4 (11-trans LTD4) is a C-11 double bond isomer of LTD4.
- GC41149 11-trans Leukotriene E4 Slow isomerization of the C-11 double bond of LTE4 leads to the formation of 11-trans LTE4.
- GC63796 116-9e 116-9e (MAL2-11B) is a Hsp70 co-chaperone DNAJA1 inhibitor.
- GC34016 11beta-Hydroxyprogesterone (11β-Hydroxyprogesterone) 11beta-Hydroxyprogesterone (11β-Hydroxyprogesterone) is a potent inhibitors of 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase; also activates human mineralocorticoid receptor in COS-7 cells with an ED50 of 10 nM.
- GC40447 12(R)-HETE Biosynthesis of 12(R)-HETE in invertebrates is via lipoxygenation of arachidonic acid.
- GC40371 12(S)-HEPE 12(S)-HEPE is a monohydroxy fatty acid synthesized from EPA by the action of 12-LO.
-
GC40448
12(S)-HETE
12(S)-HETE is the predominant lipoxygenase product of mammalian platelets.
- GC41882 12(S)-HETrE 12(S)-HETrE is produced by 12-lipoxygenase oxidation of dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA).
-
GC41095
12(S)-HpEPE
12(S)-HpEPE is a monohydroperoxy polyunsaturated fatty acid produced by the action of 12-lipoxygenase on eicosapentaenoic acid.
- GC41122 12(S)-HpETE 12(S)-HpETE is a monohydroperoxy polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) produced by the action of platelet or leukocyte 12-lipoxygenase (12-LO) on arachidonic acid.
- GC41123 12-epi Leukotriene B4 Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) compounds are produced by both enzymatic and non-enzymatic processes.
- GC45962 12-hydroxy Lauric Acid 12-hydroxy Lauric Acid is an endogenous metabolite.
- GC60443 12-Ketodeoxycholic acid A metabolite of DCA
- GC41096 12-oxo Leukotriene B4 Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is a dihydroxy fatty acid derived from arachidonic acid through the 5-LO pathway.
- GC46418 12-oxo-13-HOME An oxylipin
- GC40372 12-OxoETE 12-OxoETE is synthesized by human platelets and Aplysia nervous tissue after incubation with arachidonic acid.
- GC19462 13(R)-HODE 13(R)-HODE is the opposite enantiomer of the 13(S)-HODE produced when linoleic acid is incubated with soybean lipoxygenase.
- GC19463 13(S)-HODE 13(S)-HODE (13(S)-HODE), the product of 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX) metabolism of linoleic acid, functions as the endogenous ligand to activate PPARγ.
- GC41220 13(S)-HODE methyl ester 13(S)-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (13(S)-HODE) is a 15-lipoxygenase metabolite of linoleic acid produced in endothelial cells, leukocytes, and tumor cells.
- GC41896 13(S)-HODE-biotin 13(S)-HODE is the lipoxygenase metabolite of linoleic acid.
- GC46420 13(S)-HODE-d4 An internal standard for the quantification of 13-HODE
- GC41897 13(S)-HOTrE 13(S)-HOTrE is the 15-lipoxygenase (15-LO) product of linolenic acid.
- GC41898 13(S)-HOTrE(γ) 13(S)-HOTrE(γ) is the 15-LO product of γ-linolenic acid.
- GC19474 13(S)-HpODE 13(S)-HpODE is produced by the oxidation of linoleic acid by lipoxygenase-1 (LO-1) in many plants including soybean, flaxseed, apples, and tea leaves,1,2 and by 15-LO in mammals.
-
GC41899
13(S)-HpOTrE
13(S)-HpOTrE is a monohydroperoxy polyunsaturated fatty acid produced in soybeans by the action of soybean LO-2 on esterified α-linolenic acid.
- GC41900 13(S)-HpOTrE(γ) 13(S)-HpOTrE(γ) is a monohydroxy PUFA produced by the action of soybean lipoxygenase-1 (LO-1) on γ-linolenic acid.
- GC62758 13-cis-Vitamin A palmitate 13-cis-Vitamin A palmitate (13-cis-Retinyl palmitate) is a 13-cis isomer formed by vitamin A palmitate in corn flakes.
- GC41911 13-epi-12-oxo Phytodienoic Acid 13-epi-12-oxo Phytodienoic acid (13-epi-12-oxo PDA) is a lipoxygenase metabolite of α-linolenic acid in the leaves of green plants such as corn.
- GC49759 13C17-Mycophenolic Acid An internal standard for the quantification of mycophenolic acid
- GC41206 14(S)-HDHA Docosahexaenoic acid is a nutritionally-derived ω-3 fatty acid that is abundant in the brain and the retina and is thought to be important in early development and for therapeutic approaches to inflammatory disorders and cancer.
- GC41100 14,15-dehydro Leukotriene B4 Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is a dihydroxy fatty acid derived from arachidonic acid through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.
- GC41145 14,15-Leukotriene C4 Leukotrienes (LTs) are a group of acute inflammatory mediators derived from arachidonic acid in leukocytes.
- GC41148 14,15-Leukotriene D4 14,15-Leukotriene D4 (14,15-LTD4) is a member of an alternate class of LTs synthesized by a pathway involving the dual actions of 15- and 12-lipoxygenases (15- and 12-LOs) on arachidonic acid via 15-HpETE and 14,15-LTA4 intermediates.
- GC41150 14,15-Leukotriene E4 Leukotrienes (LTs) are a group of acute inflammatory mediators derived from arachidonic acid in leukocytes.
-
GC41415
15(R)-Lipoxin A4
Lipid-derived lipoxins are produced at the site of vascular and mucosal inflammation where they down-regulate polymorphonuclear leukocyte recruitment and function.
- GC40427 15(S)-HEDE 15(S)-HEDE is produced from 11Z,14Z-eicosadienoic acid by 15-LO.
- GC40373 15(S)-HEPE 15(S)-HEPE is a monohydroxy fatty acid synthesized from EPA by the action of 15-LO.
- GC40451 15(S)-HETE 15(S)-HETE is a major arachidonic acid metabolite from the 15-lipoxygenase pathway.
- GC41925 15(S)-HETE Ethanolamide Arachidonoyl ethanolamide was the first endogenous cannabinoid (CB) to be isolated and characterized as an agonist acting on the same receptors (CB1 and CB2) as THC.
- GC40839 15(S)-HETE methyl ester 15(S)-HETE methyl ester is a synthetic derivative of 15(S)-HETE, a major arachidonic acid metabolite from the 15-lipoxygenase pathway.
- GC46442 15(S)-HETE-d8 An internal standard for the quantification of 15-HETE
- GC49894 15(S)-HETE-d8 ethyl ester An internal standard for the quantification of 15(S)-HETE ethyl ester
- GC41927 15(S)-HETrE 15(S)-HETrE is the hydroxy-trienoic acid resulting from 15-lipoxygenation of dihomo-γ-linolenic acid.
-
GC41403
15(S)-HpEDE
15(S)-HpEDE is a monohydroperoxy polyunsaturated fatty acid produced by the action of 15-lipoxygenase on eicosadienoic acid.
-
GC41101
15(S)-HpEPE
15(S)-HpEPE is a monohydroperoxy polyunsaturated fatty acid produced by the action of 15-lipoxygenase on eicosapentaenoic acid.
-
GC41124
15(S)-HpETE
15(S)-HpETE is a monohydroperoxy polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) produced by the action of 15-lipoxygenase (15-LO) on arachidonic acid.
- GC11988 15-acetoxy Scirpenol mycotoxin that induce apoptotic cell death
- GC19442 15-Acetyldeoxy Nivalenol 15-Acetyldeoxy nivalenol is a trichothecene mycotoxin produced by certain species of the fungus Fusarium, particularly those found on cereal crops.
- GC41937 15-keto-17-phenyl trinor Prostaglandin F2α ethyl amide Bimatoprost is the Allergan trade name for 17-phenyl trinor prostaglandin F2α ethyl amide (17-phenyl trinor PGF2α ethyl amide), an F-series PG analog which has been approved for use as an ocular hypotensive drug.
- GC41938 15-Lipoxygenase Inhibitor 1 15-Lipoxygenase Inhibitor 1 is a selective inhibitor of 15-lipoxygenase, with an IC50 of 18 μM. 15-Lipoxygenase Inhibitor 1 has IC50s of 19.5 μM and 19.1 μM for soybean 15-lipoxygenase (SLO) and human 15-lipoxygenase-1 (15-LOX-1), respectively. 15-Lipoxygenase Inhibitor 1 has potential for the research of prostate cancer.
- GC41940 15-OxoEDE 15-OxoEDE is produced by the oxidation of 15-HEDE.
- GC40376 15-OxoETE 15-OxoETE is produced by oxidation of the 15-hydroxyl of 15-HETE.
- GC41309 16α-hydroxy Prednisolone 16α-hydroxy Prednisolone is a stereoselective metabolite of the 22(R) epimer of the glucocorticoid budesonide.
- GC35058 16-Dehydroprogesterone 16-Dehydroprogesterone is a steroidal progestin.
- GC46451 16F16 A PDI inhibitor
- GC45909 17α-hydroxy Pregnenolone 17α-hydroxy Pregnenolone is a pregnane steroid.
- GC41300 17β-hydroxy Exemestane 17β-hydroxy Exemestane is the primary active metabolite of exemestane.
-
GC41951
17(R)-Resolvin D1
Resolvins are a family of potent lipid mediators derived from both eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid.
- GC41227 17(R)-Resolvin D1 methyl ester 17(R)-Resolvin D1 (17(R)-RvD1) is an aspirin-triggered epimer of RvD1 that reduces human polymorphonuclear leukocyte transendothelial migration, the earliest event in acute inflammation, with equipotency to RvD1 (EC50 = ~30 nM).
- GC41952 17(R)-Resolvin D4 17(R)-Resolvin D4 (17(R)-RvD4) is an aspirin-triggered epimer of RvD4 .
- GC41208 17(S)-HDHA 17(S)-HDHA is a primary mono-oxygenation product of docosahexaenoic acid in human whole blood, human leukocytes, and mouse brain.
- GC49356 17(S)-HDoTE A metabolite of adrenic acid
- GC40975 17(S)-HpDHA 17(S)-HpDHA is a mono-oxygenation product of docosahexaenoic acid in human whole blood, human leukocytes, human glial cells, and mouse brain.
- GC11720 17-AAG (KOS953) An inhibitor of Hsp90
- GC17210 17-AAG Hydrochloride Hsp90 inhibitor,geldanamycin analogue
- GC41955 17-DMAG 17-DMAG (17-DMAG) is a potent inhibitor of Hsp90, binding to Hsp90 with an EC50 of 62 ± 29 nM.
- GC13044 17-DMAG (Alvespimycin) HCl 17-DMAG (Alvespimycin) HCl (17-DMAG hydrochloride; KOS-1022; BMS 826476) is a potent inhibitor of Hsp90, binding to Hsp90 with EC50 of 62±29 nM.
- GC41529 17-oxo-4(Z),7(Z),10(Z),13(Z),15(E),19(Z)-Docosahexaenoic Acid 17-oxo-4(Z),7(Z),10(Z),13(Z),15(E),19(Z)-Docosahexaenoic acid is a metabolite of lipoxygenase-mediated oxidation of DHA that is produced endogenously by aspirin-enhanced COX-2 activity.
- GC41209 17-oxo-7(Z),10(Z),13(Z),15(E),19(Z)-Docosapentaenoic Acid Docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) is a ω-3 fatty acid found in fish oils.
- GC68426 17a-Hydroxypregnenolone-d3
- GC35061 18α-Glycyrrhetinic acid 18α-Glycyrrhetinic acid, a diet-derived compound, is an inhibitor of NF-kB and an activator of proteasome, which serves as pro-longevity and anti-aggregation factor in a multicellular organism.
- GC41980 18-carboxy dinor Leukotriene B4 18-carboxy dinor Leukotriene B4 (18-carboxy dinor LTB4) is a β-oxidation metabolite of LTB4.
-
GC33818
18-Hydroxycorticosterone
18-Hydroxycorticosterone is a corticosteroid and a derivative of corticosterone, which can lead to serious electrolyte imbalances.
- GC63603 19-Hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione
- GC39296 1G244 1G244 is a potent DPP8/9 inhibitor with IC50s of 12 nM and 84 nM, respectively. 1G244 does not inhibit DPPIV and DPPII. 1G244 induces apoptosis in multiple myeloma cells and has anti-myeloma effects.
- GC38359 1H-pyrazole 1H-pyrazole is an endogenous metabolite.
- GC49823 2′-C-β-Methylguanosine An active nucleoside metabolite of BMS-986094
- GC64738 2′-Deoxyadenosine 5′-monophosphate disodium 2′-Deoxyadenosine 5′-monophosphate disodium, a nucleic acid AMP derivative, is a deoxyribonucleotide found in DNA.
- GC62772 2’-Deoxyadenosine-5’-triphosphate trisodium 2’-Deoxyadenosine-5’-triphosphate trisodium (dATP trisodium) is a nucleotide used in cells for DNA synthesis (or replication), as a substrate of DNA polymerase.
- GC62774 2’-Deoxyguanosine 5’-monophosphate disodium 2’-Deoxyguanosine 5’-monophosphate disodium (5′-dGMP disodium) is a mononucleotide having guanine as the nucleobase.
- GC46508 2',2'-Difluoro-2'-deoxyuridine An active metabolite of gemcitabine
- GC33622 2',4'-Dihydroxyacetophenone 2',4'-Dihydroxyacetophenone (Resacetophenone) is acetophenone carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 2' and 4'.
- GC60462 2',4'-Dimethylacetophenone
- GC33605 2'-Deoxyadenosine monohydrate A deoxyribonucleoside
- GC38258 2'-Deoxyadenosine-5'-monophosphate A deoxynucleotide
- GC42150 2'-Deoxycytidine 5'-diphosphate (sodium salt hydrate) 2'-Deoxycytidine-5'-diphosphate (dCDP) trisodium is an endogenous metabolite.
- GC17436 2'-Deoxycytidine-5'-monophosphoric acid 2'-Deoxycytidine-5'-monophosphoric acid is an endogenous metabolite.
- GC48440 2'-Deoxycytidine-5'-triphosphate (sodium salt) 2'-Deoxycytidine-5'-triphosphate (sodium salt) (dCTP trisodium salt) is a nucleoside triphosphate that can be used for DNA synthesis.
- GC10897 2'-Deoxyguanosine 2'-Deoxyguanosine
- GC38191 2'-Deoxyguanosine monohydrate A purine nucleoside with diverse biological activities