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Home >> Signaling Pathways >> Proteases

Proteases

Proteases is a general term for a class of enzymes that hydrolyze protein peptide chains. According to the way they degrade polypeptides, they are divided into two categories: endopeptidases and telopeptidases. The former can cut the large molecular weight polypeptide chain from the middle to form prions and peptones with smaller molecular weights; the latter can be divided into carboxypeptidase and aminopeptidase, which respectively remove the peptide from the free carboxyl terminus or free amino terminus of the polypeptide one by one. Chain hydrolysis produces amino acids.

A general term for a class of enzymes that hydrolyze peptide bonds in proteins. According to the way they hydrolyze polypeptides, they can be divided into endopeptidases and exopeptidases. Endopeptidase cleaves the interior of the protein molecule to form smaller molecular weight peptones and peptones. Exopeptidase hydrolyzes peptide bonds one by one from the end of the free amino group or carboxyl group of protein molecules, and frees amino acids, the former is aminopeptidase and the latter is carboxypeptidase. Proteases can be classified into serine proteases, sulfhydryl proteases, metalloproteases and aspartic proteases according to their active centers and optimum pH. According to the optimum pH value of its reaction, it is divided into acidic protease, neutral protease and alkaline protease. The proteases used in industrial production are mainly endopeptidases.

Proteases are widely found in animal offal, plant stems and leaves, fruits and microorganisms. Microbial proteases are mainly produced by molds and bacteria, followed by yeast and actinomycetes.

Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of proteins. There are many kinds, the important ones are pepsin, trypsin, cathepsin, papain and subtilisin. Proteases have strict selectivity for the reaction substrates they act on. A protease can only act on certain peptide bonds in protein molecules, such as the peptide bonds formed by the hydrolysis of basic amino acids catalyzed by trypsin. Proteases are widely distributed, mainly in the digestive tract of humans and animals, and are abundant in plants and microorganisms. Due to limited animal and plant resources, the industrial production of protease preparations is mainly prepared by fermentation of microorganisms such as Bacillus subtilis and Aspergillus terrestris.

Targets for  Proteases

Products for  Proteases

  1. Cat.No. Product Name Information
  2. GC40378 5(S)-HEPE 5(S)-HEPE is produced by 5-lipoxygenase catalyzed oxidation of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). 5(S)-HEPE Chemical Structure
  3. GC40460 5(S)-HETE 5(S)-HETE is produced by the action of 5-LO on arachidonic acid to give 5(S)-HpETE, followed by reduction of the hydroperoxide. 5(S)-HETE Chemical Structure
  4. GC40829 5(S)-HETE lactone 5(S)-HETE lactone is a cyclic ester formed by acid-catalyzed nucleophilic addition of the C-5 hydroxyl to the C-1 carboxyl of 5(S)-HETE. 5(S)-HETE lactone Chemical Structure
  5. GC46679 5(S)-HETE-d8 An internal standard for the quantification of 5-HETE 5(S)-HETE-d8 Chemical Structure
  6. GC42479 5(S)-HETrE 5(S)-HETrE is produced by the action of 5-LO when mead acid is the substrate. 5(S)-HETrE Chemical Structure
  7. GC41105 5(S)-HpEPE 5(S)-HpEPE is a monohydroperoxy polyunsaturated fatty acid produced by the action of 5-LO on EPA. 5(S)-HpEPE Chemical Structure
  8. GC40784 5(Z),8(Z),14(Z)-Eicosatrienoic Acid 5(Z),8(Z),14(Z)-Eicosatrienoic acid is a polyunsaturated fatty acid that can be a substrate for 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO). 5(Z),8(Z),14(Z)-Eicosatrienoic Acid Chemical Structure
  9. GC40830 5,6-dehydro Arachidonic Acid 5,6-dehydro Arachidonic acid is an analog of arachidonic acid with an acetylene in the 5,6 position. 5,6-dehydro Arachidonic Acid Chemical Structure
  10. GC18542 5,6-dihydro-5-Fluorouracil

    5,6-dihydro-5-Fluorouracil (5-FUH2) is formed by the hydrogenation of 5-fluorouracil via the enzyme dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD).

     5,6-dihydro-5-Fluorouracil Chemical Structure
  11. GC35152 5,6-Dihydro-5-methyluracil 5,6-Dihydro-5-methyluracil (Dihydrothymine), an intermediate breakdown product of thymine, comes from animal or plants. 5,6-Dihydro-5-methyluracil Chemical Structure
  12. GC33650 5,6-Dihydrouracil 5,6-Dihydrouracil (5,6-5,6-Dihydrouracil), a metabolite of Uracil, can be used as a marker for identification of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD)-deficient. 5,6-Dihydrouracil Chemical Structure
  13. GC33502 5,6-Dihydrouridine

    A pyrimidine nucleoside and derivative of uridine

     5,6-Dihydrouridine Chemical Structure
  14. GC42484 5,6-dihydroxy Indole 5,6-dihydroxy Indole is an intermediate in melanogenesis. 5,6-dihydroxy Indole Chemical Structure
  15. GC38286 5,6-Dimethyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazole 5,6-Dimethyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazole is an endogenous metabolite. 5,6-Dimethyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazole Chemical Structure
  16. GC18466 5,6-epoxy-13-cis Retinoic Acid 5,6-epoxy-13-cis Retinoic acid is a metabolite of 13-cis retinoic acid. 5,6-epoxy-13-cis Retinoic Acid Chemical Structure
  17. GC35150 5,7,4'-Trimethoxyflavone 5,7,4'-Trimethoxyflavone is isolated from Kaempferia parviflora (KP) that is a famous medicinal plant from Thailand. 5,7,4'-Trimethoxyflavone induces apoptosis, as evidenced by increments of sub-G1 phase, DNA fragmentation, annexin-V/PI staining, the Bax/Bcl-xL ratio, proteolytic activation of caspase-3, and degradation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) protein.5,7,4'-Trimethoxyflavone is significantly effective at inhibiting proliferation of SNU-16 human gastric cancer cells in a concentration dependent manner. 5,7,4'-Trimethoxyflavone Chemical Structure
  18. GN10629 5,7-dihydroxychromone 5,7-dihydroxychromone Chemical Structure
  19. GC52227 5-(3',4'-Dihydroxyphenyl)-γ-Valerolactone An active metabolite of various polyphenols 5-(3',4'-Dihydroxyphenyl)-γ-Valerolactone Chemical Structure
  20. GC38882 5-ALA benzyl ester hydrochloride 5-ALA benzyl ester hydrochloride (Benzyl-ALA hydrochloride) is a protoporphyrin precursor used as a photodetection agent. 5-ALA benzyl ester hydrochloride induces protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) accumulation in colon carcinoma cell lines. 5-ALA benzyl ester hydrochloride Chemical Structure
  21. GC35156 5-Amino-3H-imidazole-4-Carboxamide

    5-Amino-3H-imidazole-4-Carboxamide (AICA) is an important precursor for the synthesis of purines in general and of the nucleobases adenine and guanine in particular.

     5-Amino-3H-imidazole-4-Carboxamide Chemical Structure
  22. GC32608 5-Amino-4-oxopentanoic acid 5-Amino-4-oxopentanoic acid (5-ALA) is a non-protein amino acid that plays a rate-limiting role in heme biosynthesis. 5-Amino-4-oxopentanoic acid Chemical Structure
  23. GC45356 5-Aminolevulinic Acid (hydrochloride)   5-Aminolevulinic Acid (hydrochloride) Chemical Structure
  24. GC52413 5-Aminosalicylic Acid-d7 An internal standard for the quantification of 5-aminosalicylic acid 5-Aminosalicylic Acid-d7 Chemical Structure
  25. GC12713 5-Aminovaleric acid hydrochloride 5-Aminovaleric acid hydrochloride is believed to act as a methylene homologue of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and functions as a weak GABA agonist. 5-Aminovaleric acid hydrochloride Chemical Structure
  26. GN10062 5-HTP 5-HTP Chemical Structure
  27. GC49655 5-hydroxy Buspirone A metabolite of buspirone 5-hydroxy Buspirone Chemical Structure
  28. GC42546 5-hydroxy Diclofenac 5-hydroxy Diclofenac is a metabolite of the NSAID diclofenac formed by the cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoform CYP3A4. 5-hydroxy Diclofenac Chemical Structure
  29. GC49119 5-hydroxy Flunixin A metabolite of flunixin 5-hydroxy Flunixin Chemical Structure
  30. GC49315 5-hydroxy Indomethacin A metabolite of indomethacin 5-hydroxy Indomethacin Chemical Structure
  31. GC41312 5-hydroxy Omeprazole

    5-hydroxy Omeprazole is a major metabolite of omeprazole, an inhibitor of the gastric H+/K+-ATPase pump.

     5-hydroxy Omeprazole Chemical Structure
  32. GC42549 5-hydroxy Thiabendazole 5-hydroxy Thiabendazole (5-OH TBZ) is a major metabolite of the anthelmintic thiabendazole. 5-hydroxy Thiabendazole Chemical Structure
  33. GC12829 5-hydroxy Tryptophol metabolite of tryptophan 5-hydroxy Tryptophol Chemical Structure
  34. GC60529 5-Hydroxy-2'-deoxyuridine 5-Hydroxy-2'-deoxyuridine (5-OHdU) is a major stable oxidation product of 2'-Deoxycytidine. 5-Hydroxy-2'-deoxyuridine Chemical Structure
  35. GC42550 5-hydroxy-6-methoxy (S)-Duloxetine 5-hydroxy-6-methoxy (S)-Duloxetine is a metabolite of (S)-duloxetine. 5-hydroxy-6-methoxy (S)-Duloxetine Chemical Structure
  36. GC30613 5-Hydroxydopamine hydrochloride

    5-Hydroxydopamine is a naturally occurring amine in human urine.

     5-Hydroxydopamine hydrochloride Chemical Structure
  37. GC33698 5-Hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid A serotonin metabolite 5-Hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid Chemical Structure
  38. GC42551 5-hydroxymethyl Tolterodine (formate) 5-hydroxymethyl Tolterodine is an active metabolite of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists tolterodine and fesoterodine. 5-hydroxymethyl Tolterodine (formate) Chemical Structure
  39. GC30189 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxylic acid A major metabolite of 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxylic acid Chemical Structure
  40. GC33613 5-Hydroxymethyluracil Product of oxidative damage to DNA 5-Hydroxymethyluracil Chemical Structure
  41. GC62810 5-Hydroxytryptamine creatinine sulfate monohydrate 5-Hydroxytryptamine creatinine sulfate monohydrate is an endogenous metabolite. 5-Hydroxytryptamine creatinine sulfate monohydrate Chemical Structure
  42. GC67951 5-Hydroxytryptophol-d4 5-Hydroxytryptophol-d4 Chemical Structure
  43. GC31997 5-Lipoxygenase-In-1 5-Lipoxygenase-In-1 is a 5-Lipoxygenase inhibitor extracted from patent EP 331232 A2, table 4, compound example 4.10. 5-Lipoxygenase-In-1 Chemical Structure
  44. GC66031 5-LOX-IN-1 5-LOX-IN-1 (compound 2b) is an inhibitor of human 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LOX) with an IC50 value of 2.3 μM. 5-LOX-IN-1 can be used for the research of inflammation. 5-LOX-IN-1 Chemical Structure
  45. GC62811 5-Methoxy-5-oxopentanoic acid 5-Methoxy-5-oxopentanoic acid is an endogenous metabolite. 5-Methoxy-5-oxopentanoic acid Chemical Structure
  46. GC38058 5-Methoxy-DL-tryptophan An active metabolite of tryptophan 5-Methoxy-DL-tryptophan Chemical Structure
  47. GC46078 5-Methoxyindole-3-acetic acid A methoxyindole 5-Methoxyindole-3-acetic acid Chemical Structure
  48. GC64182 5-Methoxytryptamine hydrochloride 5-Methoxytryptamine hydrochloride Chemical Structure
  49. GC30712 5-Methoxytryptophol A natural indole 5-Methoxytryptophol Chemical Structure
  50. GC42562 5-Methyl-2'-deoxycytidine 5-Methyl-2'-deoxycytidine is a pyrimidine nucleoside that when incorporated into single-stranded DNA can act in cis to signal de novo DNA methylation. 5-Methyl-2'-deoxycytidine Chemical Structure
  51. GC33526 5-Methylcytidine A modified nucleoside 5-Methylcytidine Chemical Structure
  52. GC35166 5-Methylcytosine 5-Methylcytosine is a well-characterized DNA modification, and is also predominantly in abundant non-coding RNAs in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. 5-Methylcytosine Chemical Structure
  53. GC34881 5-Methyltetrahydrofolic acid 5-Methyltetrahydrofolic acid (5-Methyl THF) is a biologically active form of folic acid. 5-Methyltetrahydrofolic acid Chemical Structure
  54. GC33514 5-Methyluridine A pyrimidine nucleoside 5-Methyluridine Chemical Structure
  55. GC68228 5-Nitro-1,10-phenanthroline 5-Nitro-1,10-phenanthroline Chemical Structure
  56. GC35168 5-O-Demethylnobiletin 5-O-Demethylnobiletin (5-Demethylnobiletin), a polymethoxyflavone isolated from Sideritis tragoriganum, is a direct inhibition of 5-LOX (IC50=0.1 μM), without affecting the expression of COX-2. 5-O-Demethylnobiletin Chemical Structure
  57. GC41310 5-Octyl-α-ketoglutarate In addition to its role in the Krebs cycle, α-ketoglutarate (2-oxoglutarate) has roles as a substrate or modulator of enzymes. 5-Octyl-α-ketoglutarate Chemical Structure
  58. GC40380 5-OxoETE

    5-OxoETE is a polyunsaturated keto acid formed by the oxidation of 5-HETE in human neutrophils by a specific dehydrogenase.

     5-OxoETE Chemical Structure
  59. GC41322 5-OxoETE methyl ester 5-OxoETE methyl ester is an esterified form of the polyunsaturated keto acid 5-oxoETE. 5-OxoETE methyl ester Chemical Structure
  60. GC62814 5-Phenylvaleric acid 5-Phenylvaleric acid (5-Phenylpentanoic acid) is a pentanoic acid of bacterial origin, occasionally found in human biofluids. 5-Phenylvaleric acid Chemical Structure
  61. GC11101 5-R-Rivaroxaban 5-R-Rivaroxaban Chemical Structure
  62. GC32410 5a-Pregnane-3,20-dione A progesterone receptor agonist and progesterone metabolite 5a-Pregnane-3,20-dione Chemical Structure
  63. GC68374 5a-Pregnane-3,20-dione-d6 5a-Pregnane-3,20-dione-d6 Chemical Structure
  64. GC42586 6α-hydroxy Paclitaxel 6α-hydroxy Paclitaxel is a primary metabolite of the anticancer compound paclitaxel, produced by the action of the cytochrome P450 isoform CYP2C8. 6α-hydroxy Paclitaxel Chemical Structure
  65. GC49676 6β-hydroxy Budesonide A metabolite of budesonide 6β-hydroxy Budesonide Chemical Structure
  66. GC45969 6β-hydroxy Eplerenone A major metabolite of eplerenone 6β-hydroxy Eplerenone Chemical Structure
  67. GC49629 6β-hydroxy Prednisolone A metabolite of prednisolone 6β-hydroxy Prednisolone Chemical Structure
  68. GC41424 6(S)-Lipoxin A4 The lipoxins are trihydroxy fatty acids containing a 7,9,11,13-conjugated tetraene. 6(S)-Lipoxin A4 Chemical Structure
  69. GC49749 6-Deoxypenciclovir An inactive metabolite of famciclovir 6-Deoxypenciclovir Chemical Structure
  70. GC41224 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-nor-Leucine

    6-Diazo-5-oxo-L-nor-Leucine (DON) is a glutamine analog that inhibits glutaminases, a selective, mechanism-based inactivator of glutamine-using enzymes[1-3].

     6-diazo-5-oxo-L-nor-Leucine Chemical Structure
  71. GC42578 6-Formylpterin Xanthine oxidase (XO) generates reactive oxygen species, including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), as it oxidizes specific substrates in the presence of water and oxygen. 6-Formylpterin Chemical Structure
  72. GC18632 6-hydroxy Bexarotene 6-hydroxy Bexarotene is an oxidative metabolite of bexarotene , a high-affinity ligand for retinoid X receptors (RXRs). 6-hydroxy Bexarotene Chemical Structure
  73. GC42580 6-hydroxy Chlorzoxazone

    6-hydroxy Chlorzoxazone is a metabolite of chlorzoxazone.

     6-hydroxy Chlorzoxazone Chemical Structure
  74. GC18219 6-hydroxy Warfarin 6-hydroxy Warfarin is a metabolite of (+)-warfarin , which is a weaker vitamin K antagonist than (-)-warfarin . 6-hydroxy Warfarin Chemical Structure
  75. GC67988 6-Hydroxybenzbromarone 6-Hydroxybenzbromarone Chemical Structure
  76. GC33704 6-Hydroxymelatonin 6-Hydroxymelatonin is a primary metabolic of Melatonin, which is metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2. 6-Hydroxymelatonin Chemical Structure
  77. GC38278 6-Hydroxynicotinic acid 6-Hydroxynicotinic acid Chemical Structure
  78. GC10067 6-Hydroxynicotinic acid NULL 6-Hydroxynicotinic acid Chemical Structure
  79. GC62816 6-Hydroxypyridin-2(1H)-one hydrochloride 6-Hydroxypyridin-2(1H)-one hydrochloride is an endogenous metabolite. 6-Hydroxypyridin-2(1H)-one hydrochloride Chemical Structure
  80. GC49235 6-Methylmercaptopurine A metabolite of 6-mercaptopurine 6-Methylmercaptopurine Chemical Structure
  81. GC49488 6-Methylmercaptopurine-d3 An internal standard for the quantification of 6-MMP 6-Methylmercaptopurine-d3 Chemical Structure
  82. GC64741 6-Methylnicotinamide 6-Methylnicotinamide, a derivate of nicotinamide, is an endogenous metabolite. 6-Methylnicotinamide Chemical Structure
  83. GC48721 6-O-Demethyl Griseofulvin A metabolite of griseofulvin 6-O-Demethyl Griseofulvin Chemical Structure
  84. GC42584 6-O-desmethyl Donepezil 6-O-desmethyl Donepezil is an active metabolite of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor donepezil. 6-O-desmethyl Donepezil Chemical Structure
  85. GC65015 6-Phosphogluconic acid trisodium 6-Phosphogluconic acid trisodium is a potent and competitive phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) inhibitor with Kis of 48 μM for glucose 6-phosphate and 42 μM for fructose 6-phosphate. 6-Phosphogluconic acid trisodium Chemical Structure
  86. GC50613 673 A ALDH1A inhibitor; depletes CD133+ cancer stem cells (CSC) 673 A Chemical Structure
  87. GC18335 6β-hydroxy Dexamethasone 6β-hydroxy Dexamethasone is a metabolite of dexamethasone that is more hydrophilic than the parent compound. 6β-hydroxy Dexamethasone Chemical Structure
  88. GC40087 7α-hydroxy-4-Cholesten-3-one

    7α-hydroxy-4-Cholesten-3-one is a metabolite of 7α-hydroxy cholesterol and an intermediate in the biosynthesis of bile acids.

     7α-hydroxy-4-Cholesten-3-one Chemical Structure
  89. GC49298 7α-Thiomethylspironolactone A major metabolite of spironolactone 7α-Thiomethylspironolactone Chemical Structure
  90. GC49391 7α-Thiospironolactone An active metabolite of spironolactone 7α-Thiospironolactone Chemical Structure
  91. GC46732 7(S),17(S)-dihydroxy-8(E),10(Z),13(Z),15(E),19(Z)-Docosapentaenoic Acid A metabolite of DPA with antiinflammatory properties 7(S),17(S)-dihydroxy-8(E),10(Z),13(Z),15(E),19(Z)-Docosapentaenoic Acid Chemical Structure
  92. GC10533 7,8-dihydro-L-Biopterin A precursor in the synthesis of BH4 7,8-dihydro-L-Biopterin Chemical Structure
  93. GC45673 7,8-Dihydroneopterin An antioxidant 7,8-Dihydroneopterin Chemical Structure
  94. GC33450 7-Dehydrocholesterol An immediate precursor to cholesterol 7-Dehydrocholesterol Chemical Structure
  95. GC40978 7-epi Maresin 1 7-epi Maresin 1 is the inactive 7(S) epimer of Maresin 1, which contains a 7(R) hydroxyl group. 7-epi Maresin 1 Chemical Structure
  96. GC48649 7-hydroxy Chlorpromazine (hydrochloride) An active metabolite of chlorpromazine 7-hydroxy Chlorpromazine (hydrochloride) Chemical Structure
  97. GC42606 7-hydroxy Coumarin Glucuronide (sodium salt) 7-hydroxy Coumarin glucuronide is a 7-hydroxy coumarin phase II metabolite that can be used as a standard for the analysis of 7-hydroxy coumarin metabolism. 7-hydroxy Coumarin Glucuronide (sodium salt) Chemical Structure
  98. GC42607 7-hydroxy Coumarin sulfate (potassium salt) 7-hydroxy Coumarin sulfate is a phase II metabolite of coumarin that can be used as an internal standard for the analysis of 7-hydroxy coumarin metabolism using GC- or LC-MS. 7-hydroxy Coumarin sulfate (potassium salt) Chemical Structure
  99. GC49748 7-hydroxy Etodolac An inactive metabolite of etodolac 7-hydroxy Etodolac Chemical Structure
  100. GC49051 7-hydroxy Methotrexate A metabolite of methotrexate 7-hydroxy Methotrexate Chemical Structure
  101. GC42608 7-hydroxy Methotrexate (sodium salt)

    7-hydroxy Methotrexate (7-hydroxy MTX) is a phase I metabolite of MTX, which is converted by hepatic aldehyde oxidases.

     7-hydroxy Methotrexate (sodium salt) Chemical Structure

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