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- Bestell-Nr. Artikelname Informationen
- GA23963 Z-Val-Ala-DL-Asp-fluoromethylketone zVAD-FMK inhibited apoptosis induced by diverse stimuli. Preincubation of cells with this caspase-1 (ICE) inhibitor (50 µM) almost completely inhibited the formation of large kilobase-pair fragments of DNA, a characteristic biochemical change associated with apoptosis. Z-VAD-FMK was shown to irreversibly inhibit most types of caspases, hence it is also called pan-caspase inhibitor. For a cell-permeable analog see N-1560. Inhibitor of peptide:N-glycanase (PNGase).
- GA23962 Z-Val-Ala-DL-Asp(OMe)-fluoromethylketone Z-VAD(OMe)-FMK, a pan-caspase inhibitor, is a competitive irreversible peptide inhibitor and blocks caspase-1 family and caspase-3 family enzymes. The methyl ester of Z-VAD-FMK has been used in studies to support the hypothesis that inhibitors of caspases can limit brain infarction resulting from the permanent obstruction of a brain artery.
- GA23895 Z-Phe-Arg-OMe . HCl Z-FR-OMe, substrate for peptide synthesis catalyzed by by a recombinant cysteine protease, cathepsin L1 from liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica).
- GA23853 Z-Leu-Leu-Glu-βNA Z-LLE-βNA is a good substrate for neutral endopeptidase 24.5, a cation-sensitive enzyme with apparently multicatalytic activity. Z-LLE-βNA allows the determination of the peptidylglutamyl-peptide-hydrolyzing (PGPH) activity of the 20S proteasome.
- GA23851 Z-Leu-Leu-4,5-dehydro-Leu-aldehyde The peptide aldehyde SIB1281 inhibited the formation of β- and γ-secretase derived amyloid β-protein (Aβ) with IC?? = 1.8 µM and stimulated the formation of α-secretase derived soluble amyloid precursor protein (sα) with an EC?? of 250 nM.
- GA23837 Z-His-Phe-Phe-OEt zHFFe, a good substrate for pepsin. Hertel et al identified zHFFe as a potent inhibitor of zero-trans glucose flux with a Ki of 26 μM. Similar to HIV protease inhibitors, transport inhibition by this peptide was acute, non-competitive, and reversible. Within a Xenopus oocyte expression system, zHFFe acutely and reversibly inhibited GLUT4-mediated glucose uptake, whereas GLUT1 activity was unaffected at concentrations as high as 1 mM.
- GA23822 Z-Gly-Pro-Leu-Gly-Pro-OH Substrate for collagenase and for prolyl endopeptidase (post-proline cleaving enzyme). Cleavage of Z-GPLGP yields Z-Gly-Pro-OH (C-1880) and H-Leu-Gly-Pro-OH (H-3895), an antihypertensive peptide.
- GA23815 Z-Gly-Phe-OH Substrate for carboxypeptidase A. The peptide is also an effective deactivating carrier into cells for primary and secondary amines, which are then unmasked intracellularly by enzymatic action.
- GA23790 Z-Glu-Tyr-OH Z-Glu-Tyr-OH kann zur Synthese von Peptiden auf einem festen TrÄger verwendet werden.
- GA23769 Z-D-Phe-Phe-Gly-OH A high level of inhibition of virus replication was obtained with this peptide, which resembles a region of a viral polypeptide.
- GA23727 Z-Asp-Gln-Met-Asp-AFC Ac-DQMD-AFC, fluorogenic substrate for caspase-3. It contains the DQMD peptide sequence of the baculovirus caspase inhibitor p35.
- GA23665 VIP Antagonist VIP antagonist, a hybrid of neurotensin (6-11) and VIP (7-28), is a competitive antagonist of VIP-binding to glial cells. In rats with reduced masculine potential, The peptide markedly inhibits VIP-stimulated sexual behaviour. Furthermore, it has been shown to antagonize VIP receptors on non-small cell lung cancer cells, thereby inhibiting tumor growth in vitro and in vivo.
- GA23664 Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Nucleoprotein (52-59) VSV-8, RGYVYQGL, corresponds to positions 52 to 59 of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) nucleoprotein which is expressed in the cytosol of cells infected by VSV. CTL response against VSV in H-2Kb mice is directed against this immunodominant peptide. VSV-8 forms a complex with murine MHC class I molecule H-2Kb, which is similar to human HLA class I.
- GA23662 Uroguanylin Topoisomer B (human) Short peptides containing two disulfide bridges can form interconvertible topoisomers with the same disulfide connectivity. In case of uroguanylin (UGN), both are relatively stable and can be separated, and interconversion is slow. The topoisomers differ in biological activity: The UGN A topomer potently activates the guanylate cyclase C receptor found primarily in the intestine. The B topomer is a very weak agonist of this receptor. Moss et al. could show that UGN B has potent natriuretic activity in the kidney.
- GA23655 Tyrosinase (206-214) (human) AFLPWHRLF is a tyrosinase epitope recognized by HLA-A24 restricted, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL). Therefore it represents a reagent that may be used to generate melanoma-specific T cells for adoptive immunotherapy, as well as in peptide vaccines for HLA-A24+ melanoma patients.
- GA23654 Tyrosinase (192-200) (human, mouse) SEIWRDIDF, antigenic peptide presented by HLA-B44 and recognized on a human melanoma by autologous cytolytic T lymphocytes.
- GA23642 Tricyclic amide linker resin (DL-form) (200-400 mesh, 0.5-0.8 mmol/g) Ramage resin is highly suitable for the preparation of peptide amides by the Fmoc-strategy and is recommended for C-terminal Phe, Tyr and Ile. Cleavage has been performed with 50 % TFA in CH?Cl? or 95% aqueous TFA. Scavengers may be required. Tricyclic amide linker resin has been used for the synthesis of fluorogenic substrates for continuous assay of aminopeptidase P. glpbio additionally offers the Ramage amide linker (Q-2745) to be coupled to other types of carrier resin.
- GA23640 TRH-Gly TRH-Gly is the direct precursor of TRH; the glycine is cleaved by an α-amidating enzyme to form the C-terminal amide. Significant concentrations of the tetrapeptide, however, have been found in hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, and peripheral blood of rats as well as in human cerebrospinal fluid. Several data suggest that the peptide is also biologically active.
-
GA23637
TRAP-5 amide
SFLLR-Amid, Thrombin-Rezeptor-Agonist-Peptid.
- GA23632 Toxin GaTx1 GaTx1 is a component of the venom of the yellow scorpion (Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus). The highly bridged 34-peptide, a chloride channel ligand, potently and reversibly inhibits cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) chloride channels when the channels are in the interburst closed state. Since the toxin inhibits CFTR only when applied to the cytoplasmic side, it is unlikely that CFTR represents the native target. Manufactured and sold under license from Georgia Tech Research Corporation, USA; patent WO/2007/137163 (PCT/US2007/069243).
- GA23631 Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin-1 (TSST-1) (58-78) TSST-1 is a "superantigen" which binds to MHC class II molecules and induces stimulation of T cells. This TSST-1 fragment has an active site of the TSST-1 holotoxin which binds to MHC class II molecules and is able to xenostimulate T cells in an MHC unrestricted manner. Therefore this peptide could be of great value in studying the immunobiology of MHC class II molecules.
- GA23630 TOTT Reagent for peptide coupling and amidation reactions.
- GA23611 Thymosin β₁₀ (human, rat) Thymosin β?? is differentially expressed in embryogenesis and neuronal development. Overexpression of the peptide has also been observed in many inflammatory conditions and in a variety of human cancers.
- GA23606 TGF α (34-43) (rat) The fragment CHSGYVGVRC comprises the third disulfide loop of rat TGF α. Antibodies elicited against the synthetic decapeptide crossreacted with native TGF α but not EGF. The peptide competed with EGF for binding to its receptors and was found to be an antagonist of EGF-induced mitogenesis. More recent results indicate that administration of TGF α (34-43) inhibits the development of gastric cancers induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine.
- GA23601 Teplow's Amyloid β-Protein (1-42) (scrambled II) This peptide is a specifically designed negative control in studies with Abeta42. It is "scrambled", which means it contains the same amino acids as Abeta42, but in different order. Referring to studies by Yamin and coworkers, Teplow's Amyloid β-Protein (1-42) does not show a number of phenomena regularly observed with Abeta42 (fibril formation, oligomerization, toxicity to neurons) and furthermore has a relatively flat hydropathy profile, which can be an advantage in several studies, for example in order to avoid unspecific interaction with the cell membrane.
- GA23600 Teplow's Amyloid β-Protein (1-40) (scrambled II) This peptide is a specifically designed negative control in studies with Abeta40. It is "scrambled", which means it contains the same amino acids as Abeta40, but in different order. Referring to studies by Yamin and coworkers, Teplow's Amyloid β-Protein (1-40) does not show a number of phenomena regularly observed with Abeta40 (fibril formation, oligomerization, toxicity to neurons) and furthermore has a relatively flat hydropathy profile, which can be an advantage in several studies, for example in order to avoid unspecific interaction with the cell membrane.
- GA23564 Suc-Phe-Gly-Leu-βNA Suc-FGL-βNA, substrate for the characterization of an LHRH-degrading neutral endopeptidase which is now known as thimet oligopeptidase (metalloendopeptidase 24.15, Pz-peptidase, collagenase-like peptidase). This enzyme has a ubiquitous distribution in mammals and, besides LHRH, cleaves various other bioactive peptides such as bradykinin and neurotensin.
- GA23517 Substance P (4-11) The octapeptide substance P (4-11), PQQFFGLM-amide, seems to be more active than the natural peptide in various pharmacological tests in vitro and in vivo. Octa-substance P was shown to be an agonist of the NK1 receptor, IC?? 15 nM.
- GA23510 SPARC (119-122) (mouse) SPARC is a transiently expressed extracellular matrix-binding protein that alters cell shape and regulates endothelial cell proliferation in vitro. KGHK, a copper-binding peptide fragment, has been shown to be a potent stimulator of angiogenesis. Specific degradation of SPARC by proteases of the extracellular fluid may release this bioactive tetrapeptide. Acetylated KGHK is used as cosmetic ingredient.
- GA23506 Sodefrin Sodefrin has first been isolated from the abdominal gland of the cloaca of the male red-bellied newt, Cynops pyrrhogaster. It showed a species specific female-attracting activity. It is the first amphibian pheromone to be identified and the first peptide pheromone identified in a vertebrate.
- GA23504 Sex Pheromone Inhibitor iPD1 The octapeptide ALILTLVS is produced by Streptococcus faecalis donor strains harboring bacteriocin plasmid pPD1. It inhibits the activity of sex pheromone cPD1. The non-polar peptide iPD1 is also used for calibration in mass spectrometry.
- GA23503 Serpinin (mouse, rat) Serpinin is a chromogranin A (CgA)-derived peptide. It has been identified to be a key molecule which induces dense-core secretory granules (DCG) biogenesis by up-regulating protease nexin-1 (PN-1) expression in an activity-dependent manner in endocrine cells.
- GA23502 Seminalplasmin Fragment (SPF) Analog SPF, the hydrophobic 13-residue fragment (28-40) of the antimicrobial peptide seminalplasmin, possesses antibacterial and hemolytic activities. SPFK, the SPF analog in which Glu³² has been replaced by Lys, exhibits potent antibacterial activity at concentrations at which erythrocyte lysis does not occur.
- GA23477 Relaxin H2 (human) Relaxin H2 is the major stored and circulating isoform of the peptide hormone relaxin in humans. This pregnancy hormone has also shown cardioprotective activity. The observed long-term effects of relaxin H2 on connective tissues may be due to alterations in the turnover of collagen and proteoglycans.
- GA23476 rec β-Defensin 2 (human) β-Defensin 2 (BD-2) (human), an antimicrobial peptide, is expressed throughout the epithelia of many organs. BD-2 is inducible upon contact of keratinocytes with Gram-negative bacteria or proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1β. Elevated expression has been detected in lesional epidermal keratinocytes both in psoriasis and in the inflamed skin of mastitis.
- GA23475 rec β-Defensin 1 (human) β-Defensin 1 (BD-1) (human) is a small cationic peptide originally isolated from human plasma. It exerts antimicrobial activity and is constitutively expressed in epithelia at the mucosal surface. A role for BD-1 in innate immune response has been proposed.
- GA23441 Ranalexin Ranalexin, isolated from the skin of the American bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, is an amphibian antimicrobial peptide. It contains a single intramolecular disulfide bond which forms a heptapeptide ring within the molecule. Structurally, ranalexin resembles the bacterial antibiotic, polymyxin, which contains a similar heptapeptide ring.
- GA23437 Pz-Pro-Leu-OH Cleavage product of Pz-peptide, M-1715, a substrate for collagenase and thimet oligopeptidase.
- GA23432 Pyr-Trp-Gly-NH₂ The tripeptide pEWG-amide found in plasma stimulates the uptake of serotonin into platelets. Increased amounts of pEWG-amide can be detected in the urine of autistic children. The urinary peptide, which is generated from the CNS glycoprotein reelin, has also been associated with depression and anxiety disorders.
- GA23391 Pseudin-2 Pseudin-2 is a cationic α-helical peptide originally isolated from the skin of the paradoxical frog Pseudis paradoxa on the basis of its antimicrobial activity. GLNALKKVFQGIHEAIKLINNHVQ stimulated insulin secretion from BRIN-BD11 cells by a Ca²?-independent mechanism.
- GA23386 Procathepsin B (26-50) (rat) This 25 residue peptide was completely resistant to proteolysis by cathepsin B even after incubation overnight. It inhibited human cathepsin B with Ki = 2.8 µM and rat cathepsin B with Ki = 2 µM.
- GA23383 Preptin (rat) Preptin is a 34-amino acid peptide hormone, which is co-secreted with insulin from the pancreatic β-cells in response to glucose stimulation. It is osteogenic in vitro and in vivo and may act in concert with the other β-cell hormones insulin and amylin to stimulate bone formation in hyperinsulinemic states such as obesity.
- GA23380 Prepro-Killer Cell Immunoglobulin-Like Receptor 3DL3 (23-31) Riteau et al. carried out immunofluorescence analysis using a rabbit antiserum directed against the nonapeptide VGGQDKPFL corresponding to the N-terminal sequence of KIR2DL4. The peptide did not discriminate between p49 and KIR2DL4 receptor.
- GA23373 Polybia-MP1 A mastoparan-related antimicrobial insect venom peptide selectively inhibiting the proliferation of prostate and bladder cancer cells.
- GA23359 Perisulfakinin Perisulfakinin was originally isolated from the corpora cardiaca of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana. The peptide, which shows sequence similarity to gastrin and cholecystokinin, stimulates hindgut contractions in the same species.
- GA23351 PDGF Antagonist The 13-amino acid peptide derived from the primary sequence of the B-chain of PDGF was found to be an antagonist for PDGF α- and β-receptors. The sequence of H-8650, ANFLVWEIVRKKP, combines PDGF-BB 35-40 (loop I) and PDGF-BB 76-82 (loop III).
- GA23349 PAR-2 (1-6) amide (human) (scrambled) LSIGKV-amide, a partially reversed human PAR-2 activating peptide serving as an inactive control for the PAR-2 agonist SLIGKV-amide (H-4624).
- GA23342 PAL resin (200-400 mesh, 0.2-0.5 mmol/g) Useful for the synthesis of peptide amides using Fmoc strategy. Cleavage has been performed with 50 % TFA in CH?Cl? or 95% aqueous TFA. Scavengers may be required.
- GA23335 Ovotransferrin (328-332) ACE-inhibitory peptide associated with antioxidant and anticoagulation properties, IC?? 20 μM.
- GA23333 Ovalbumin (154-159) The hexapeptide TNGIIR exhibited higher inhibition of ACE than several other peptides tested in comparison, as found by Yu et al. The concentration of the peptide, necessary to inhibit 50% of the activity of ACE, was 70 μM.
- GA23324 Orexin A (16-33) OXA 16-33 lacks the disulfide bridges of orexin A, but retains a part of the activity of full-length OXA/OXB. The peptide has been used in place of the intact neuropeptide.
- GA23321 Ophthalmic Acid Acidic peptide of the lens. Carba analog of reduced glutathione. Ophthalmic acid could be used as a biomarker in oxidative stress.
- GA23316 Octaarginine The cell-penetrating peptide octa-arginine is a potent inhibitor of proteasome activities.
- GA23252 Neuropeptide GE A peptide derived by proteolytic cleavage from the rat melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) precursor. Neuropeptide glycine-glutamic acid (NGE) was suggested to act as a neuroregulator.
- GA23248 Neuromedin U-25 (porcine) Neuromedin U-8 and neuromedin U-25 from porcine spinal cord are potent stimulators of rat uterus smooth muscle. Both peptides have also been reported to influence blood pressure in rats and dogs
- GA23203 Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-1 (human) Synthetic peptide.
- GA23186 Melanocyte Protein PMEL 17 (185-193) (human, bovine, mouse) This peptide is as H-3958 a gp100 epitope that is recognized in the context of HLA-A2 by tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) in vivo. PMEL 17 could be a melanogenic enzyme.
- GA23179 Mca-Lys-Pro-Leu-Gly-Leu-Dap(Dnp)-Ala-Arg-NH₂ The N-terminal elongation of the widely used MMP FRET substrate Mca-PLGL-Dpa-AR-NH? (M-1895) with a Lys yields a fluorogenic peptide with improved substrate properties. As compared to M-1895, the specificity constant (kcat/Km) of the broad-spectrum MMP-substrate M-2350, Mca-KPLGL-Dpa-AR-NH? for collagenases (MMP-1, MMP-8, MMP-13) and MMP-14 is increased two- to ninefold and threefold, respectively, while those for gelatinases and matrilysin remain equally high.
- GA23175 Mca-Amyloid β/A4 Protein Precursor₇₇₀ (667-676)-Lys(Dnp)-Arg-Arg amide This fluorescent (FRET) peptide substrate contains the wild-type amyloid precursor protein (APP) β-secretase cleavage site. Mca-SEVKMDAEFRK(Dnp)RR- amide has been used for assaying β-secretase-like activity of thimet oligopeptidase (TOP, EC 3.4.24.15). The results suggested that TOP is a potential β-secretase candidate and is involved in the processing of APP in vivo. See also L-1905.
- GA23173 Mca-(endo-1a-Dap(Dnp))-TNF-α (-5 to +6) amide (human) Mca-PLAQAV-Dpa-RSSSR-amide, a fluorogenic (FRET) peptide substrate for tumor necrosis factor (TNF) converting enzyme (TACE, ADAM-17 endopeptidase).
- GA23169 Maxadilan Maxadilan, isolated from the salivary gland of the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis, is a potent vasodilator. The peptide specifically and potently activates the mammalian PAC1 receptor, one of the three receptors for PACAP.
-
GA23154
L-threo-Phenylserine
A building block of peptide antibiotics and a valuable chiral synthon. Crich and Banerjee used it for obtaining β-mercaptophenylalanine. Introduction of this Phe derivative allowed native chemical ligation at Phe followed by desulfuration.
- GA23152 LQEQ-19 (mouse, rat) LQEQ-19 (VGF599-617) is a Pro-VGF-derived peptide that induces penile erection when injected into the paraventricular nucleus of male rats. The effect is mediated by increased nitric oxide production in the hypothalamic nucleus causing activation of paraventricular oxytocinergic neurons. LQEQ-19 also evoked thermal hyperalgesia when injected intrathecally into naÏve adult mice.
- GA23145 LL-37 FKR LL-37 FKR (FK-21), C-terminal fragment of LL-37, showed antimicrobial activity and similar concentration-dependent chemotactic activities on granulocytes as the full-length peptide.
- GA23143 LL-37 (37-1) Reverse LL-37 used as control peptide.
- GA23136 Leu-Valorphin-Arg Leu-Valorphin-Arg, LVVYPWTQR, corresponds to the sequence (32-40) of the β-,δ-,γ-, and ε-chains of human hemoglobin. It shows binding affinity for µ- and sigma-opioid receptors and has opioid activity in the GPI bioassay. LVV-Hemorphin-6 is found in large amounts in the pituitary and seems to be present in the circulation to a much lesser degree. In view of its high stability towards the membrane-bound lung enzymes and its strong inhibitory action on ACE activity, LVV-hemorphin-6 appears to be the most potent of the hemorphin-related peptides assayed.
- GA23131 Lepirudin Synthetic peptide. Lepirudin is an anticoagulant which functions as a direct thrombin inhibitor.
- GA23129 Lauric acid-OSu Suitable for the synthesis of lauroyl derivatives of amines and thiols. Reagent for the modification of peptides to increase their lipophilicity.
- GA23118 KR-12 amide (human) KR-12 corresponds to amino acid residues 18-29 of LL-37 and is the smallest peptide of LL-37 retaining antibacterial activity. KR12 displays a selective toxic effect on bacteria but not on human cells. It may be used as a template for developing novel antimicrobial agents of therapeutic use.
- GA23117 KLD12 Hydrogels obtained from the self-assembling peptide Ac-KLDLKLDLKLDL-amide modulate in vitro chondrogenesis of bovine bone marrow stromal cells.
- GA23102 IL-6 (88-121) (human) IL-6 (88-121) competitively inhibits the binding of human IL-6 to its receptor by interacting with the IL-6 receptor to a significant degree. It is suggested that this peptide comprises a part of the receptor-binding region of IL-6.
- GA23100 IGF-I Analog The IGF-I peptide analog JB-1 was able to inhibit the autophosphorylation of the IGF-I receptor by IGF-I as well as the growth of several different cell types, including prostate carcinoma cells and SV40-transformed cells. IGF1 analogs as JB-1 might be useful in treating abnormal cell growth.
- GA23034 Hydrin 1' The Xenopus peptide hydrin 1' shows equivalent aldosterone-releasing activity compared to hydrin 1 and is also effective in stimulating water flux from the isolated toad bladder.
- GA23013 H-Val-Leu-His-Asp-Asp-Leu-Leu-Glu-Ala-OH HA-1H peptide, epitope presented by HLA-A*0201.
- GA23009 H-Val-Gly-Ser-Glu-OH Eosinophilic chemotactic tetrapeptide also used as model peptide.
- GA22994 H-Tyr-Tyr-Tyr-Tyr-Tyr-Tyr-OH Hexatyrosine has been used as a model peptide, e.g., in mass spectrometry.
- GA22992 H-Tyr-Tyr-Tyr-OH The bitter taste of tri-tyrosine, YYY, is due to its marked hydrophobicity. Narai-Kanayama and Aso showed that Tyr-Tyr (G-3480) and Tyr-Tyr-Tyr efficiently inhibit angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) from rabbit lung, their IC?? values were 34 μM and 51 μM, respectively. These two tyrosine peptides exhibited a mix of competitive and noncompetitive inhibitions.
- GA22991 H-Tyr-Tyr-OH Narai-Kanayama and Aso showed that Tyr-Tyr and Tyr-Tyr-Tyr (H-5230) efficiently inhibit angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) from rabbit lung, their IC?? values were 34 μM and 51 μM, respectively. These two tyrosine peptides exhibited a mix of competitive and noncompetitive inhibitions.
- GA22978 H-Tyr-L-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxamide . HCl Tyr-Tic-amide and its epimer are the first example for opioid peptides consisting of a message domain of only two residues. In addition, they are the first opioid dipeptides with significant opioid activity and represent a first meaningful link among peptide opioids and alkaloid opiates and thus may form the basis for an unified receptor site model. It has been shown furthermore that peptides containing the Tyr-Tic motif , as TIPP H-5776, act as very selective antagonists for δ-opioid receptors and those containing Tyr-D-Tic as non-selective μ-agonists.
- GA22975 H-Tyr-Ile-Gly-Ser-Arg-OH The pentapeptide YIGSR located within domain III of the laminin B1 chain, represents a major receptor binding site in laminin. By competing with laminin for the cell surface receptor, the short peptide is able to inhibit cell attachment to basement membranes, thus preventing the formation of tumor metastases. YIGSR also promotes tumor cell migration and, moreover, mediates the adhesion of a variety of epithelial cells to laminin.
- GA22974 H-Tyr-Ile-Gly-Ser-Arg-NH₂ YIGSR-amide binds to the laminin receptor and inhibits experimental metastasis formation. In comparison to YIGSR (H-6825), C-terminal amidation increases the activity of the peptide significantly.
- GA22944 H-Trp-Gly-Tyr-OH Model peptide for studies of charge transfer in peptides by iodine oxidation.
- GA22942 H-Trp-Gly-Gly-Tyr-OH Synthetic peptide for studies of charge transfer in peptides by iodine oxidation.
- GA22929 H-Thr-Pro-Asn-Gln-Arg-Gln-Asn-Val-Cys-OH The nonapeptide TPNQRQNVC peptide is the naturally presented epitope at the cell surface by HLA-B7 molecules recognized by CTL RP1
- GA22907 H-tBu-D-Gly-OH Both Tle enantiomers are components of the polytheonamides, highly cytotoxic linear peptides from the marine sponge Theonella swinhoei.
- GA22870 H-Pro-Thr-His-Ile-Lys-Trp-Gly-Asp-OH Tuna Muscle Peptide, PTHIKWGD, an angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor originally isolated from tuna muscle.
- GA22867 H-Pro-Pro-Pro-Pro-OH Tetraproline. PPPP was used as an internal standard in the quantitative determination of the antihypertensive (ACE-inhibiting) peptides IPP and VPP in cheese by HPLC-MS³.
- GA22856 H-Pro-NHEt . HCl The C-terminal residue of highly active GnRH agonists as buserelin or leuprorelin replacing the C-terminal Pro-Gly amide of the native peptide hormone.
- GA22849 H-Pro-Hyp-OH According to Shigemura et al. Pro-Hyp, a food-derived collagen peptide in human blood, stimulates the growth of fibroblasts from mouse skin. Nakatani et al. observed a chondroprotective effect of the dipeptide in mouse articular cartilage. Inoue et al. showed in a clinical study that ingestion of the dipeptides Hyp-Gly (G-2365) and Pro-Hyp (G-3025) could improve facial skin moisture and elasticity and reduce facial ageing.
- GA22811 H-Phe-Pro-Arg-OH FPR is a tripeptide analog of the thrombin-receptor-derived peptide SFLLR (H-1408). In the chick chorioallantoic membrane system it inhibited angiogenesis and caused a complete reversal of the angiogenesis-promoting effect of the thrombin-receptor-activating tetradecapeptide (TRAP (1-14), H-8105). FPR has potential applications in the nonthrombotic actions of thrombin, e.g. cancer and inflammation, where angiogenesis is thought to play a pivotal role.
- GA22807 H-Phe-Phe-Phe-OH FFF is a bitter-tasting peptide due to its hydrophobicity. As diphenylalanine, triphenylalanine forms ordered nanostructures.
- GA22761 Homoglutathione Homoglutathione is a taste-modifying peptide responsible (in combination with γ-glutamyl peptides as γ-Glu-Leu (G-1950) and γ-Glu-Val (G-2015)) for the "kokumi" flavor. Pesticides containing electrophilic centers can be metabolized in legumes via conjugation to homoglutathione (H-3944) or glutathione.
- GA22756 H-Nle-Arg-Phe-NH₂ nLRFamide, synthetic analog of flatworm FMRFamide-related peptides (FaRPs) showed considerable myoactivity on isolated muscle fibers of the human blood fluke.
- GA22724 H-Met-Arg-Phe-Ala-OH MRFA is used as a calibration standard in mass spectrometry (ESI). Miao et al. studied Pt(II) complexes of the tetrapeptide by mass spectrometric methods. MRFA has been shown to be a competitive inhibitor of an enkephalin-generating endopeptidase isolated from rat brain. The peptide is a substrate for dipeptidyl peptidase III from human erythrocytes and for snapalysin.
- GA22704 H-Lys-Phe-Lys-OH KFK was shown to activate LAP-TGF-β. Linked to elaidic acid, the peptide is used as a cosmetic ingredient.
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GA22696
H-Lys-Lys-Lys-Lys-Lys-OH
Pentalysin. KKKKK entspricht der N-terminalen Sequenz des MARCKS-Peptids.
- GA22693 H-Lys-Gly-Glu-OH A murein peptide sequence (characteristic of peptidoglycan type A4α). As the RGD motif, KGE binds to integrins.
- GA22689 H-Lys-Cys-Thr-Cys-Cys-Ala-OH The cysteine-rich peptide KCTCCA represents the C-terminal portion (residues 56-61) of mouse liver metallothionein-I. It shows a strong binding affinity to the metal ions Cd²? and Zn²? and exerts a protective effect against cadmium (Cd²?) toxicity in vivo and in vitro.
- GA22665 H-Lys(biotinyl)-NH₂ Building block for specific C-terminal labeling of peptides and proteins by carboxypeptidase Y catalyzed transpeptidation reactions.
- GA22656 H-Leu-Val-Leu-Ala-pNA LVLA-pNA, optimal peptide substrate for continuous assay of HSV-1 protease with a kcat/Km value of 100 M?¹s?¹. Other serine proteases did not hydrolyze the substrate.